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Cornicen
A ''cornicen'' (plural ''cornicines'') was a junior officer in the Roman army. The ''cornicens job was to signal salutes to officers and sound orders to the legions. The ''cornicines'' played the '' cornu'' (making him an ''aeneator''). ''Cornicines'' always marched at the head of the centuries, with the tesserary and the signifer. The ''cornicines'' were also used as assistants to a centurion (like an ''optio''). The ''cornicen'' was a duplicary or a soldier who got double the basic pay of the legionary. The cornicen The late Roman writer Vegetius in his work '' De re militari'' wrote: See also * Music of ancient Rome Music is generally defined as the The arts, art of arranging sound to create some combination of Musical form, form, harmony, melody, rhythm or otherwise Musical expression, expressive content. Exact definition of music, definitions of mu ... References *Vegetius ''De re militari'', Vegetius, Book II*Roman Empire Military ranks of ancient Rome An ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cornu (horn)
A ''cornu'' or ''cornum'' ( lat, cornū, cornūs or cornum, "horn", plural ''cornua'', sometimes translated misleadingly as "cornet") was an ancient Roman brass instrument about long in the shape of a letter 'G'. The instrument was braced by a crossbar that stiffened the structure and provided a means of supporting its weight on the player's shoulder. Some specimens survive in the archaeological record, two from the ruins of Pompeii. The ''cornu'' may be difficult to distinguish from the ''buccina''. It was used by the Roman army for communicating orders to troops in battle. In Roman art, the ''cornu'' appears among the instruments that accompany games ''(ludi)'' or gladiator combat in the arena, as on the Zliten mosaic. History and usage It was invented by the Etruscans for use in their funeral processions and military. Roman artistic representations of the ''cornu'' are typically realistic. While Etruscan art usually depict the ''cornu'' in use alongside the lituus. It w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cornicen Ludovisi-Sarkophag
A ''cornicen'' (plural ''cornicines'') was a junior officer in the Roman army. The ''cornicens job was to signal salutes to officers and sound orders to the legions. The ''cornicines'' played the '' cornu'' (making him an ''aeneator''). ''Cornicines'' always marched at the head of the centuries, with the tesserary and the signifer. The ''cornicines'' were also used as assistants to a centurion (like an ''optio''). The ''cornicen'' was a duplicary or a soldier who got double the basic pay of the legionary. The cornicen The late Roman writer Vegetius in his work ''De re militari'' wrote: See also * Music of ancient Rome Music is generally defined as the The arts, art of arranging sound to create some combination of Musical form, form, harmony, melody, rhythm or otherwise Musical expression, expressive content. Exact definition of music, definitions of mu ... References *Vegetius ''De re militari'', Vegetius, Book II*Roman Empire Military ranks of ancient Rome Anc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cornicen On Trajan's Column
A ''cornicen'' (plural ''cornicines'') was a junior officer in the Roman army. The ''cornicens job was to signal salutes to officers and sound orders to the legions. The ''cornicines'' played the '' cornu'' (making him an ''aeneator''). ''Cornicines'' always marched at the head of the centuries, with the tesserary and the signifer. The ''cornicines'' were also used as assistants to a centurion (like an ''optio''). The ''cornicen'' was a duplicary or a soldier who got double the basic pay of the legionary. The cornicen The late Roman writer Vegetius in his work ''De re militari'' wrote: See also * Music of ancient Rome Music is generally defined as the The arts, art of arranging sound to create some combination of Musical form, form, harmony, melody, rhythm or otherwise Musical expression, expressive content. Exact definition of music, definitions of mu ... References *Vegetius ''De re militari'', Vegetius, Book II*Roman Empire Military ranks of ancient Rome Anc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Army
The Roman army (Latin: ) was the armed forces deployed by the Romans throughout the duration of Ancient Rome, from the Roman Kingdom (c. 500 BC) to the Roman Republic (500–31 BC) and the Roman Empire (31 BC–395 AD), and its medieval continuation, the Eastern Roman Empire. It is thus a term that may span approximately 2,205 years (753 BC–1453 AD), during which the Roman armed forces underwent numerous permutations in size, composition, organisation, equipment and tactics, while conserving a core of lasting traditions. Historical overview Early Roman army (c. 500 BC to c. 300 BC) The early Roman army was the armed forces of the Roman Kingdom and of the early Roman Republic. During this period, when warfare chiefly consisted of small-scale plundering raids, it has been suggested that the army followed Etruscan or Greek models of organisation and equipment. The early Roman army was based on an annual levy. The army consisted of 3,000 infantrymen and 300 cavalrymen, all of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aeneator
An ''aeneator'' ( lat, aēneātor or ) was a specialized player of wind instruments who was attached to a Roman military unit. The word comes from Latin ''aēneus'' or ''ahēneus'', "brazen", from ''aes'', "copper alloy". While the size of individual Roman military units may have varied, they made extensive use of both acoustical and visual signaling in communications and each had an assigned banner bearer (''vexillarius'') and at least one ''aeneator''. A variety of instruments were used by ''aeneatores'', including the ''buccina'', '' cornu'', ''tuba'', and ''lituus''. In addition to their roles in the Roman army, ''aeneatores'' were also used for processionals and games, particularly in marching home from war. Categories of ''aeneatores'' ''Aeneatores'' who blew a ''buccina'' (a ''C''-shaped horn made of bronze or silver or animal horn) were known as ''buccinators''; those who blew a ''cornu'' (a ''G''-shaped horn made of brass) were known as '' cornicines''; those who blew a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vegetius
Publius (or Flavius) Vegetius Renatus, known as Vegetius (), was a writer of the Later Roman Empire (late 4th century). Nothing is known of his life or station beyond what is contained in his two surviving works: ''Epitoma rei militaris'' (also referred to as '' De re militari''), and the lesser-known ''Digesta Artis Mulomedicinae'', a guide to veterinary medicine. He identifies himself in the opening of his work ''Epitoma rei militaris'' as a Christian. Dating of work The latest event alluded to in his ''Epitoma rei militaris'' is the death of the Emperor Gratian (383); the earliest attestation of the work is a ''subscriptio'' by Flavius Eutropius, writing in Constantinople in 450, which appears in one of two families of manuscripts, suggesting that a division of the manuscript tradition had already occurred. Despite Eutropius' location in Constantinople, the scholarly consensus is that Vegetius wrote in the Western Roman Empire.Walter Goffart. The date and purposes of Vegetius' D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Music Of Ancient Rome
Music is generally defined as the The arts, art of arranging sound to create some combination of Musical form, form, harmony, melody, rhythm or otherwise Musical expression, expressive content. Exact definition of music, definitions of music vary considerably around the world, though it is an aspect of all human societies, a cultural universal. While scholars agree that music is defined by a elements of music, few specific elements, there is Elements of music#Selection of elements, no consensus on their precise definitions. The creation of music is commonly divided into musical composition, musical improvisation, and musical performance, though the topic itself extends into #Academic study, academic disciplines, Music journalism, criticism, Philosophy of music, philosophy, and Music psychology, psychology. Music may be performed or improvised using a vast range of musical instrument, instruments, including the human voice. In some musical contexts, a performance or composi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buccina
A buccina ( lat, buccina) or bucina ( lat, būcina, link=no), anglicized buccin or bucine, is a brass instrument that was used in the ancient Roman army, similar to the cornu. An ''aeneator'' who blew a buccina was called a "buccinator" or "bucinator" ( lat, buccinātor, būcinātor, link=no). Design It was originally designed as a tube made of either bronze or shells. However, as time went on more materials started to be used. It measured in length, of narrow cylindrical bore, and played by means of a cup-shaped mouthpiece. The tube is bent round upon itself from the mouthpiece to the bell in the shape of a broad C and is strengthened by means of a bar across the curve, which the performer grasps while playing to steady the instrument; the bell curves over his head or shoulder. Usage The buccina was used for the announcement of night watches, to summon soldiers by means of the special signal known as ''classicum'', and to give orders. Frontinus relates that a Roman genera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Tuba
The Roman tuba, or trumpet was a military signal instrument used by the ancient Roman military and in religious rituals. They would signal troop movements such as retreating, attacking, or charging. As well as when guards should mount, sleep, or change posts. Thirty-six or thirty-eight ''tubicines'' were assigned to each Roman legion. The ''tuba'' would be blown twice each spring in military, governmental, or religious functions. This ceremony was known as the ''tubilustrium''. It was also used in ancient Roman triumphs. It was considered a symbol of war and battle. The instrument was used by the Etruscans in their funerary rituals. It continued to be used in ancient Roman funerary practices. Roman ''tuba'' were usually straight cynical instruments with a bell at the end. They were typically made of metals such as silver, bronze, or lead and measured around 4.33 ft or 1.31 meters. Their players, known as the ''tubicines'' or ''tubatores'' were well-respected in Roman society. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
De Re Militari
''De re militari'' (Latin "Concerning Military Matters"), also ''Epitoma rei militaris'', is a treatise by the Late Latin writer Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus about Roman warfare and military principles as a presentation of the methods and practices in use during the height of the Roman Empire and responsible for its power. The extant text dates to the 5th century. Vegetius emphasized things such as training of soldiers as a disciplined force, orderly strategy, maintenance of supply lines and logistics, quality leadership and use of tactics and even deceit to ensure advantage over the opposition. He was concerned about selection of good soldiers and recommended hard training of at least four months before the soldier was accepted into the ranks. The leader of the army (''dux'') had to take care of the men under his command and keep himself informed about the movements of the enemy to gain advantage in the battle. ''De re militari'' became a military guide in the Middle Ages. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Optio
An , plural ( lat, italic=yes, optiō, , from , "to choose", so-called because an was chosen by a centurion), was a position in a '' centuria'' (century) of a Roman army similar to that of an executive officer. The main function of an was as an , the second-in-command of a century, although there were many other roles an could adopt. were vital in the Roman army. An was stationed at the rear of the ranks to keep the troops in order. Their duties would include enforcing the orders of the centurion, taking over the centurion's command in battle should the need arise, supervising his subordinates, and a variety of administrative duties. pay was double the standard legionary pay and they were the most likely men to replace the centurion if the position became vacant. Types of Titles held by included: *: chosen man on prison duty ( incarceration). *: being groomed for promotion to the rank of centurion. *: being groomed or marked out for promotion to the rank of centurio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legionary
The Roman legionary (in Latin ''legionarius'', plural ''legionarii'') was a professional heavy infantryman of the Roman army after the Marian reforms. These soldiers would conquer and defend the territories of ancient Rome during the late Republic and Principate eras, alongside auxiliary and cavalry detachments. At its height, Roman legionaries were viewed as the foremost fighting force in the Roman world, with commentators such as Vegetius praising their fighting effectiveness centuries after the classical Roman legionary disappeared. Roman legionaries were recruited from Roman citizens under age 45. They were first predominantly made up of recruits from Roman Italy, but more were recruited from the provinces as time went on. As legionaries moved into newly conquered provinces, they helped Romanize the native population and helped integrate the disparate regions of the Roman Empire into one polity. They enlisted in a legion for 25 years of service, a change from the early practi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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