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Conessine
Conessine is a steroid alkaloid found in a number of plant species from the family Apocynaceae, including ''Holarrhena floribunda'', ''Holarrhena antidysenterica'' and ''Funtumia elastica''. It acts as a histamine antagonist, selective for the Histamine H3 receptor, H3 subtype (with an affinity of pKi = 8.27; Ki = ~5 nM). It was also found to have long CNS clearance times, high blood–brain barrier penetration and high affinity for the adrenergic receptors. References [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Histamine Antagonist
Antihistamines are drugs which treat allergic rhinitis, common cold, influenza, and other allergies. Typically, people take antihistamines as an inexpensive, generic (not patented) drug that can be bought without a prescription and provides relief from nasal congestion, sneezing, or hives caused by pollen, dust mites, or animal allergy with few side effects. Antihistamines are usually for short-term treatment. Chronic allergies increase the risk of health problems which antihistamines might not treat, including asthma, sinusitis, and lower respiratory tract infection. Consultation of a medical professional is recommended for those who intend to take antihistamines for longer-term use. Although people typically use the word "antihistamine" to describe drugs for treating allergies, doctors and scientists use the term to describe a class of drug that opposes the activity of histamine receptors in the body. In this sense of the word, antihistamines are subclassified according to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Histamine H3 Receptor
Histamine H3 receptors are expressed in the central nervous system and to a lesser extent the peripheral nervous system, where they act as autoreceptors in presynaptic histaminergic neurons and control histamine turnover by feedback inhibition of histamine synthesis and release. The H3 receptor has also been shown to presynaptically inhibit the release of a number of other neurotransmitters (i.e. it acts as an inhibitory heteroreceptor) including, but probably not limited to dopamine, Gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, histamine and serotonin. The gene sequence for H3 receptors expresses only about 22% and 20% homology with both H1 and H2 receptors respectively. There is much interest in the histamine H3 receptor as a potential therapeutic target because of its involvement in the neuronal mechanism behind many cognitive disorders and especially its location in the central nervous system.Rapanelli, Maximiliano. “The Magnificent Two: Histamine and the H3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Steroid
A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes that alter membrane fluidity; and as signaling molecules. Hundreds of steroids are found in plants, animals and fungi. All steroids are manufactured in cells from the sterols lanosterol (opisthokonts) or cycloartenol (plants). Lanosterol and cycloartenol are derived from the cyclization of the triterpene squalene. The steroid core structure is typically composed of seventeen carbon atoms, bonded in four " fused" rings: three six-member cyclohexane rings (rings A, B and C in the first illustration) and one five-member cyclopentane ring (the D ring). Steroids vary by the functional groups attached to this four-ring core and by the oxidation state of the rings. Sterols are forms of steroids with a hydroxy group at position three and a skeleton derived from cholestane. ''A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.Chemical Encyclopedia: alkaloids xumuk.ru Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including , , Medicinal plant, plants, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, because some taxa were used as dog poison Members of the family are native to the European, Asian, African, Australian, and American tropics or subtropics, with some temperate members. The former family Asclepiadaceae (now known as Asclepiadoideae) is considered a subfamily of Apocynaceae and contains 348 genera. A list of Apocynaceae genera may be found here. Many species are tall trees found in tropical forests, but some grow in tropical dry (xeric) environments. Also perennial herbs from temperate zones occur. Many of these plants have milky latex, and many species are poisonous if ingested, the family being rich in genera containing alkaloids and cardiac glycosides, those containing the latter often finding use as arrow poisons. Some genera of Apocynaceae, such as '' Adenium'', bleed clea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holarrhena Floribunda
''Holarrhena floribunda'', commonly known as the false rubber tree, conessi bark or kurchi bark, is a plant in the family Apocynaceae. Description ''Holarrhena floribunda'' grows as a shrub or tree up to tall, with a stem diameter of up to . Its fragrant flowers feature a white corolla. The fruit is pale grey to dark brown with paired follicles, each up to long. Distribution and habitat ''Holarrhena floribunda'' is found in a variety of habitats from sea-level to altitude. The plant is native to a wide range of West and Central Africa from Senegal to Angola. Uses ''Holarrhena floribunda'' is locally used in traditional medicine as a treatment for dysentery, diarrhoea, fever, snakebite, infertility, venereal disease, diabetes and malaria. The plant has been used as arrow poison Arrow poisons are used to poison arrow heads or darts for the purposes of hunting and warfare. They have been used by indigenous peoples worldwide and are still in use in areas of South America, Afri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holarrhena Antidysenterica
''Wrightia antidysenterica'', the coral swirl or tellicherry bark, is a flowering plant in the genus ''Wrightia''. ''Wrightia antidysenterica'' is sometimes confused with the species ''Holarrhena pubescens ''Holarrhena pubescens'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is native to central and southern Africa, the Indian Subcontinent, Indochina Mainland Southeast Asia, also known as the Indochinese Peninsula or Indochin ...'' due to a second, taxonomically invalid publication of the name ''Holarrhena pubescens''. It is known in Sanskrit as ' or '. Construction The juice of this plant is a potent ingredient for a mixture of wall plaster, according to the Samarāṅgaṇa Sūtradhāra, which is a Sanskrit treatise dealing with Śilpaśāstra (Hindu science of art and construction). References antidysenterica Flora of Nepal Flora of Thailand {{Apocynaceae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Funtumia Elastica
''Funtumia elastica'' (also known as the bush rubber tree or silkrubber) is a medium-sized African rubber tree with glossy leaves, milky sap, and long woody seedpods. The bark is used in the traditional medicine of tropical Africa. It is economically important in West African countries such as Ghana, where it is commonly known as the ofruntum. Chemical constituents A variety of chemical compounds have been identified in ''F. elastica''. Unprocessed ''F. elastica'' powder is distinctly blue due to its anthocyanin content. The steroidal alkaloid conessine, which is found in ''F. elastica'', has anti-bacterial properties ''in vitro''. Bioactivities Crude extracts of ''F. elastica'' inhibit growth of many molds, including ''Aspergillus'', ''Penicillium ''Penicillium'' () is a genus of ascomycetous fungi that is part of the mycobiome of many species and is of major importance in the natural environment, in food spoilage, and in food and drug production. Some members of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blood–brain Barrier
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable membrane, semipermeable border of endothelium, endothelial cells that prevents solutes in the circulating blood from ''non-selectively'' crossing into the extracellular fluid of the central nervous system where neurons reside. The blood–brain barrier is formed by endothelial cells of the Capillary, capillary wall, astrocyte end-feet ensheathing the capillary, and pericytes embedded in the capillary basement membrane. This system allows the passage of some small molecules by passive transport, passive diffusion, as well as the selective and active transport of various nutrients, ions, organic anions, and macromolecules such as glucose and amino acids that are crucial to neural function. The blood–brain barrier restricts the passage of pathogens, the diffusion of solutes in the blood, and Molecular mass, large or Hydrophile, hydrophilic molecules into the cerebrospinal fluid, while allowing the diffusion of Hydr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkaloids Found In Apocynaceae
Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.Chemical Encyclopedia: alkaloids xumuk.ru Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including , , |
H3 Receptor Antagonists
H3, H03 or H-3 may refer to: Entertainment * ''Happy Hustle High'', a manga series by Rie Takada, originally titled "H3 School!" * H3 (film), ''H3'' (film), a 2001 film about the 1981 Irish hunger strike * h3h3Productions, styled "[h3]", a satirical YouTube channel Science * Triatomic hydrogen (H3), an unstable molecule * Trihydrogen cation (H3+), one of the most abundant ions in the universe * Tritium (Hydrogen-3, or H-3), an isotope of hydrogen * ATC code H03 ''Thyroid therapy'', a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System * British NVC community H3, a heath community of the British National Vegetation Classification system * Histamine H3 receptor, Histamine H3 receptor, a human gene * Histone H3, a component of DNA higher structure in eukaryotic cells * *h3, , one of the three laryngeals in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language * Hekla 3 eruption, a huge volcanic eruption around 1000 BC Computing * , the level-3 HTML element#heading ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
