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Conchi Viaduct
The Conchi viaduct, or Loa viaduct, is located on the Loa River in Chile, from Calama. It was built to carry part of the Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia (Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway). It stands above the river and is long. When opened in 1888 and it was the second highest rail bridge in the world, after the Garabit viaduct The Garabit viaduct (french: viaduc de Garabit) is a railway arch bridge spanning the Truyère, near Ruynes-en-Margeride, Cantal, France, in the mountainous Massif Central region. The bridge was constructed between 1882 and 1884 by Gustave Eiffe .... In 1914, the railway was realigned. Today, the bridge carries only pipes and a cordoned-off road. On June 3, 2015, it was declared a National Monument, in the category of Historical Monument, by Decree 156 of the Ministry of Education, published in the Chilean Official Journal. References External links ''Loa Viaduct''on the websitHighestBridges.com(English) The Conchi Viaduct Beam bridges ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trestle Bridge
A trestle bridge is a bridge composed of a number of short spans supported by closely spaced frames. A trestle (sometimes tressel) is a rigid frame used as a support, historically a tripod used to support a stool or a pair of isosceles triangles joined at their apices by a plank or beam such as the support structure for a trestle table. Each supporting frame is a bent. A trestle differs from a viaduct in that viaducts have towers that support much longer spans and typically have a higher elevation. Timber and iron trestles (i.e. bridges) were extensively used in the 19th century, the former making up from 1 to 3 percent of the total length of the average railroad. In the 21st century, steel and sometimes concrete trestles are commonly used to bridge particularly deep valleys, while timber trestles remain common in certain areas. Many timber trestles were built in the 19th and early 20th centuries with the expectation that they would be temporary. Timber trestles were use ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Loa River
The Loa River (Spanish: Río Loa) is a U-shaped river in Chile's northern Antofagasta Region. At long, it is the country's longest river and the main watercourse in the Atacama Desert. Course The Loa's sources are located on Andean mountain slopes at the foot of Miño Volcano. The upper Loa basin is flanked on the west by a ridge with elevations that reach above , whereas to the east lies a volcanic chain, which separates it from endorheic basins as that of Salar de Ascotán. The river flows south on an elevated plateau, for about , to the oasis of Chiu Chiu (CHEE-oo CHEE-oo). The upper courses of the river are at a considerable elevation above sea level and receive a large volume of water from the Andes, mainly of two major tributaries: San Pedro de Inacaliri River and Salado River. The former joins the Loa near Conchi reservoir and the latter about south of Chiu Chiu. The water of its upper course and tributaries is fresh. However the lower course, as in all the rivers of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calama, Chile
Calama is a city and commune in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. It is the capital of El Loa Province, part of the Antofagasta Region. Calama is one of the driest cities in the world with average annual precipitation of just . The River Loa, Chile's longest, flows through the city. Calama has a population of 147,886 (2012 census). The commune also encompasses the Quechua communities of Estación San Pedro, Toconce and Cupo; and the Lickan-antay communities of Taira, Conchi Viejo, Lasana, San Francisco de Chiu Chiu, Aiquina-Turi, and Caspana. In 2003 the nearby town of Chuquicamata, once the largest open-pit copper mine in the world, was dismantled citing environmental reasons and encroachment from the mine's expansion. Residents of Chuquicamata then moved to Calama, away from company-owned residences, to find housing on their own. Etymology There are a variety of hypotheses about the origin of the name "Calama," but the two main accounts suggest that it comes from the Kun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ferrocarril De Antofagasta A Bolivia
The Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia (British company name: Antofagasta (Chili) & Bolivia Railway or FCAB for short) is a private railway operating in the northern provinces of Chile. It is notable in that it was one of the earliest railways built to narrow gauge, with a route that climbed from sea level to over , while handling goods} traffic totaling near 2 million tons per annum. It proved that a railway with such a narrow gauge could do the work of a standard gauge railway, and influenced the construction of other railways such as the Estrada de Ferro Oeste de Minas. It was later converted to , and still operates today. Route The railway started at the Chilean port of Antofagasta. It proceeded up the front range of the Andes to Ollagüe on the Bolivian border, requiring one notable piece of civil engineering, the Loa viaduct. However, in 1914 the line was rerouted upstream of the Conchi reservoir and trains no longer ran across the viaduct. Across the Bolivian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Garabit Viaduct
The Garabit viaduct (french: viaduc de Garabit) is a railway arch bridge spanning the Truyère, near Ruynes-en-Margeride, Cantal, France, in the mountainous Massif Central region. The bridge was constructed between 1882 and 1884 by Gustave Eiffel, with structural engineering by Maurice Koechlin, and was opened in 1885. It is in length and has a principal arch of span. Background By the late 1870s, Eiffel & Cie, the company founded by Eiffel in partnership with Théophile Seyrig, had established a place among the leading French engineering companies. Between 1875 and 1877, the company had built the Maria Pia Bridge over the Douro at Porto, and when the construction of a railway between Marvejols and Neussargues, both in Cantal, was proposed, the work of constructing a viaduct to cross the Truyère was given to Eiffel without the usual process of competitive tendering. That was at the recommendation of the state engineers since the technical problems involved were similar to those ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beam Bridges
Beam bridges are the simplest structural forms for bridge spans supported by an abutment or pier at each end. No moments are transferred throughout the support, hence their structural type is known as '' simply supported''. The simplest beam bridge could be a log (see log bridge), a wood plank, or a stone slab (see clapper bridge) laid across a stream. Bridges designed for modern infrastructure will usually be constructed of steel or reinforced concrete, or a combination of both. The concrete elements may be reinforced, prestressed or post-tensioned. Such modern bridges include girder, plate girder, and box girder bridges, all types of beam bridges. Types of construction could include having many beams side by side with a deck across the top of them, to a main beam either side supporting a deck between them. The main beams could be I-beams, trusses, or box girders. They could be half-through, or braced across the top to create a through bridge. Because no moments are t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iron Bridges
Iron () is a chemical element with Symbol (chemistry), symbol Fe (from la, Wikt:ferrum, ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 element, group 8 of the periodic table. It is, Abundance of the chemical elements#Earth, by mass, the most common element on Earth, right in front of oxygen (32.1% and 30.1%, respectively), forming much of Earth's outer core, outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common abundance of elements in Earth's crust, element in the Earth's crust. In its metallic state, iron is rare in the Earth's crust, limited mainly to deposition by meteorites. Iron ores, by contrast, are among the most abundant in the Earth's crust, although extracting usable metal from them requires kilns or Metallurgical furnace, furnaces capable of reaching or higher, about higher than that required to smelting, smelt copper. Humans started to master that process in Eurasia during the 2nd millennium BC, 2nd millennium BCE ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trestle Bridges
A trestle bridge is a bridge composed of a number of short spans supported by closely spaced frames. A trestle support, trestle (sometimes tressel) is a rigid frame used as a support, historically a tripod used to support a stool or a pair of isosceles triangles joined at their apices by a Plank (wood), plank or beam (structure), beam such as the support structure for a trestle table. Each supporting frame is a bent (structural), bent. A trestle differs from a viaduct in that viaducts have towers that support much longer spans and typically have a higher elevation. Timber and iron trestles (i.e. bridges) were extensively used in the 19th century, the former making up from 1 to 3 percent of the total length of the average railroad. In the 21st century, steel and sometimes concrete trestles are commonly used to bridge particularly deep valleys, while timber trestles remain common in certain areas. Many timber trestles were built in the 19th and early 20th centuries with the exp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Railway Bridges In Chile
Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are incorporated in tracks. In contrast to road transport, where the vehicles run on a prepared flat surface, rail vehicles (rolling stock) are directionally guided by the tracks on which they run. Tracks usually consist of steel rails, installed on sleepers (ties) set in ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels, moves. Other variations are also possible, such as "slab track", in which the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a rail transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than rubber-tyred road vehicles, so passenger and freight cars (carriages and wagons) can be coupled into longer trains. The operation is carried out by a railway company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer faciliti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viaducts
A viaduct is a specific type of bridge that consists of a series of arches, piers or columns supporting a long elevated railway or road. Typically a viaduct connects two points of roughly equal elevation, allowing direct overpass across a wide valley, road, river, or other low-lying terrain features and obstacles. The term ''viaduct'' is derived from the Latin ''via'' meaning "road", and ''ducere'' meaning "to lead". It is a 19th-century derivation from an analogy with ancient Roman aqueducts. Like the Roman aqueducts, many early viaducts comprised a series of arches of roughly equal length. Over land The longest in antiquity may have been the Pont Serme which crossed wide marshes in southern France. At its longest point, it measured 2,679 meters with a width of 22 meters. Viaducts are commonly used in many cities that are railroad hubs, such as Chicago, Birmingham, London and Manchester. These viaducts cross the large railroad yards that are needed for freight trains there, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Monuments Of Chile
The National Monuments of Chile (Spanish: ''Monumentos Nacionales de Chile''), also abbreviated MN, are the constructions, elements and places that form part of the country's cultural heritage, and they are protected by law. They are National Heritage Sites that are an important part of the culture of Chile. Definition and categories The law N° 17.288 of national monuments stipulates that: There are 938 national monuments as at October 2008. The monuments are grouped on the following categories: :* Historic Monuments (633). :* Public Monuments (150). :* Archaeologic Monuments (21 elementos). :* Typical or Picturesque Zones (95). :* Sanctuaries of Nature (39). Historic Monuments Are considered National Monuments: In the register of the National Monuments Council, there are 633 elements (October 2008). Some of the most notable are: :* Aduana de Antofagasta :* Ambassador (clipper) :* Ascensores de Valparaíso (Funicular railways of Valparaíso) :* Biblioteca Nacional ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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