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Comperiella Bifasciata
''Comperiella bifasciata'' is a parasitic wasp species in the genus '' Comperiella'' in the family Encyrtidae. It is used in biological control of California red scale and yellow scale of citrus. Description ''Comperiella bifasciata'' is a tiny black wasp with two white bars on the head. These are more prominent in females, which also have dark patches on the wings, giving them the appearance of having a forked tail; the wings of males are unblotched. History ''C. bifasciata'' is a parasite of the red scale (''Aonidiella aurantii''), a major insect pest of citrus. This pest was accidentally brought into the United States in the second half of the nineteenth century, and is known there as California red scale. In attempts to try to control the red scale, in 1908 ''Comperiella bifasciata'', and two other parasitic wasps, were introduced into California from Japan. It failed to become established on red scale but was found by 1931 to have become established on yellow scale (' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Comperiella
''Comperiella'' is a genus of parasitic wasps in the family Encyrtidae, containing around 10 species. * ''Comperiella apoda'' * ''Comperiella aspidiotiphaga'' * ''Comperiella bifasciata'' * ''Comperiella calauanica'' * ''Comperiella diversifasciata'' * ''Comperiella indica'' * ''Comperiella karoo'' * ''Comperiella lemniscata'' * ''Comperiella pia'' * ''Comperiella ponticula'' * ''Comperiella unifasciata ''Comperiella'' is a genus of parasitic wasps in the family Encyrtidae, containing around 10 species. * ''Comperiella apoda'' * ''Comperiella aspidiotiphaga'' * ''Comperiella bifasciata'' * ''Comperiella calauanica'' * ''Comperiella diversifasci ...'' References Encyrtidae {{chalcidoidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natural Selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection", contrasting it with selective breeding, artificial selection, which in his view is intentional, whereas natural selection is not. Genetic diversity, Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and their offspring can inherit such mutations. Throughout the lives of the individuals, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits. The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the Cell (biology), cell, other cells, other individuals, populations, species, as well as the abiotic environment. Because individuals with certain variants of the trait tend ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aphytis (insect)
''Aphytis'' is a genus of chalcid wasp in the Aphelinidae family. Members of this genus are very small averaging two to three millimetres in length and are mostly black or yellow with transparent wings. The larvae are parasitic on other insects. There are about 130 species. Species *'' Aphytis aberrans'' Prinsloo & Neser, 1994 *'' Aphytis abnormis'' Howard, 1881 *'' Aphytis acalcaratus'' Ren Hui, 1988 *'' Aphytis acrenulatus'' DeBach & Rosen, 1976 *'' Aphytis acutaspidis'' Rosen & DeBach, 1979 *'' Aphytis africanus'' Quednau, 1964 *'' Aphytis alami'' Agarwal, 1964 *'' Aphytis albus'' Li & Yang, 2004 *'' Aphytis aligarhensis'' Hayat, 1998 *'' Aphytis amazonensis'' Rosen & DeBach, 1979 *'' Aphytis angeloni'' Alec Arsène Girault, 1932 *'' Aphytis angustus'' Compere, 1955 *'' Aphytis anneckei'' DeBach & Rosen, 1976 *'' Aphytis anomalus'' Compere, 1955 *'' Aphytis antennalis'' Rosen & DeBach, 1979 *'' Aphytis aonidiae'' Mercet, 1911 *'' Aphytis argenticorpus'' Ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mummy
A mummy is a dead human or an animal whose soft tissues and organs have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air, so that the recovered body does not decay further if kept in cool and dry conditions. Some authorities restrict the use of the term to bodies deliberately embalmed with chemicals, but the use of the word to cover accidentally desiccated bodies goes back to at least 1615 AD (see the section Etymology and meaning). Mummies of humans and animals have been found on every continent, both as a result of natural preservation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifacts. Over one million animal mummies have been found in Egypt, many of which are cats. Many of the Egyptian animal mummies are sacred ibis, and radiocarbon dating suggests the Egyptian Ibis mummies that have been analyzed were from time frame that falls between approximately 450 and 250 BC. In addition to the mummies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meconium
Meconium is the earliest stool of a mammalian infant resulting from defecation. Unlike later feces, meconium is composed of materials ingested during the time the infant spends in the uterus: intestinal epithelial cells, lanugo, mucus, amniotic fluid, bile, and water. Meconium, unlike later feces, is viscous and sticky like tar – its color usually being a very dark olive green and it is almost odorless. When diluted in amniotic fluid, it may appear in various shades of green, brown, or yellow. It should be completely passed by the end of the first few days after birth, with the stools progressing toward yellow (digested milk). Clinical significance Meconium in amniotic fluid Meconium is normally retained in the infant's bowel until after birth, but sometimes it is expelled into the amniotic fluid (also called "amniotic liquor") prior to birth or during labor and delivery. The stained amniotic fluid (called "meconium liquor" or "meconium-stained liquor") is recognized by m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oviposit
The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages. The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typically its form is adapted to functions such as preparing a place for the egg, transmitting the egg, and then placing it properly. For most insects, the organ is used merely to attach the egg to some surface, but for many parasitic species (primarily in wasps and other Hymenoptera), it is a piercing organ as well. Some ovipositors only retract partly when not in use, and the basal part that sticks out is known as the scape, or more specifically oviscape, the word ''scape'' deriving from the Latin word '' scāpus'', meaning "stalk" or "shaft". In insects Grasshoppers use their ovipositors to force a burrow into the earth to receive the eggs. Cicadas pierce the wood of twigs with their ovipositors to insert the eggs. Sawflies slit the t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Instar
An instar (, from the Latin '' īnstar'', "form", "likeness") is a developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, between each moult (''ecdysis''), until sexual maturity is reached. Arthropods must shed the exoskeleton in order to grow or assume a new form. Differences between instars can often be seen in altered body proportions, colors, patterns, changes in the number of body segments or head width. After shedding their exoskeleton (moulting), the juvenile arthropods continue in their life cycle until they either pupate or moult again. The instar period of growth is fixed; however, in some insects, like the salvinia stem-borer moth, the number of instars depends on early larval nutrition. Some arthropods can continue to moult after sexual maturity, but the stages between these subsequent moults are generally not called instars. For most insect species, an ''instar'' is the developmental stage of the larval forms of holometabolous (complete metamorphism) or nymphal forms o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endoparasite
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has characterised parasites as "predators that eat prey in units of less than one". Parasites include single-celled protozoans such as the agents of malaria, sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery; animals such as hookworms, lice, mosquitoes, and vampire bats; fungi such as honey fungus and the agents of ringworm; and plants such as mistletoe, dodder, and the broomrapes. There are six major parasitic strategies of exploitation of animal hosts, namely parasitic castration, directly transmitted parasitism (by contact), trophicallytransmitted parasitism (by being eaten), vector-transmitted parasitism, parasitoidism, and micropredation. One major axis of classification concerns invasiveness: an endoparasite lives inside the host's body; an ect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
San Joaquin Valley
The San Joaquin Valley ( ; es, Valle de San Joaquín) is the area of the Central Valley of the U.S. state of California that lies south of the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta and is drained by the San Joaquin River. It comprises seven counties of Northern and one of Southern California, including, in the north, all of San Joaquin and Kings counties, most of Stanislaus, Merced, and Fresno counties, and parts of Madera and Tulare counties, along with a majority of Kern County, in Southern California. Although the valley is predominantly rural, it has densely populated urban centers: Fresno, Bakersfield, Stockton, Modesto, Tulare, Visalia, Hanford, and Merced. The first European to enter the valley was Pedro Fages in 1772. The San Joaquin Valley was originally inhabited by the Yokuts and Miwok peoples. The Tejon Indian Tribe of California is a federally recognized tribe of Kitanemuk, Yokuts, and Chumash indigenous people of California. Their ancestral homeland ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Encyrtidae
Encyrtidae is a large family of parasitic wasps, with some 3710 described species in about 455 genera. The larvae of the majority are primary parasitoids on Hemiptera, though other hosts are attacked, and details of the life history can be variable (e.g., some attack eggs, some attack larvae, others are hyperparasites, and some Encyrtidae develop as parasitoids of ticks). They are found throughout the world in virtually all habitats, and are extremely important as biological control agents. They may also present as an ecological threat to the population of some species. For example, the endangered ''Papilio homerus'' butterfly is parasitized at a rate of 77%, making them the main contributor to egg mortality in this (and other) butterfly species. Some species exhibit a remarkable developmental phenomenon called "polyembryony", in which a single egg multiplies clonally in the host and produces large numbers of identical adult wasps. Even more remarkably, some of the larvae are larg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chrysomphalus Bifasciculatus
''Chrysomphalus'' is a genus of scales and mealybugs in the family Diaspididae. There are about 16 described species in ''Chrysomphalus''. Species * ''Chrysomphalus aberrans'' Mamet, 1951 * '' Chrysomphalus ansei'' (Green, 1916) * ''Chrysomphalus aonidum'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * '' Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus'' Ferris, 1938 * '' Chrysomphalus dictyospermi'' (Morgan, 1889) * ''Chrysomphalus diversicolor'' (Green, 1923) * ''Chrysomphalus fodiens'' (Maskell, 1892) * ''Chrysomphalus greeni'' Leonardi, 1914 * ''Chrysomphalus minutus'' Kotinsky, 1908 * ''Chrysomphalus mume'' Tang, 1984 * ''Chrysomphalus nulliporus'' McKenzie, 1939 * ''Chrysomphalus pinnulifer'' (Maskell, 1891) * ''Chrysomphalus propsimus'' Banks, 1906 * ''Chrysomphalus silvestrii'' Chou, 1946 * ''Chrysomphalus trifasciculatus'' Brimblecombe, 1959 * ''Chrysomphalus variabilis ''Chrysomphalus'' is a genus of scales and mealybugs in the family Diaspididae. There are about 16 described species in ''Chrysomphalus''. Species * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aonidiella Taxus
''Aonidiella'' is a genus of scale insects in the family Diaspididae, the armored scale insects. Several species are pests of citrus.Ben-Dov, Y. (2006)Taxonomy of ''Aonidiella yehudithae'' sp. nov. and ''Lindingaspis misrae'' (Laing) comb. nov. with a key to species of ''Aonidiella'' Berlese & Leonardi (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae).''Zootaxa'' 1190, 51-57. Species include: Catalogue of Life, 29 January 2016. *'' Aonidiella abietina'' *'' Aonidiella araucariae'' *'' Aonidiella atlan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
