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Colored Teachers State Association Of Texas
The Colored Teachers State Association of Texas (CTSAT) was created in 1884 to unite black educators across the state of Texas. The main goals were to create equality in the public school system under Jim Crow laws and to establish a black institution of higher education as outlined in the Texas Constitution of 1876. The organization operated for eighty-two years until its voluntary dissolution in December 1966. The association was founded in 1884 at Prairie View Normal and Industrial College by L. C. Anderson, Prairie View's principal, David Abner, an educator, and ten others.Shabazz, Amilicar(2004). ''Advancing Democracy: African Americans and the Struggle for Access and Equity in Higher Education in Texas''. Chapel Hill. At that time Prairie View was the only school of higher education for black students in the state of Texas, which operated under the Hampton-Tuskegee model. The only option for black students seeking a liberal arts education with no options in the state of Texas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by both List of U.S. states and territories by area, area (after Alaska) and List of U.S. states and territories by population, population (after California). Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the west, and the Mexico, Mexican States of Mexico, states of Chihuahua (state), Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south and southwest; and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Houston is the List of cities in Texas by population, most populous city in Texas and the List of United States cities by population, fourth-largest in the U.S., while San Antonio is the second most pop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jim Crow Laws
The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Other areas of the United States were affected by formal and informal policies of segregation as well, but many states outside the South had adopted laws, beginning in the late 19th century, banning discrimination in public accommodations and voting. Southern laws were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Southern Democrat-dominated state legislatures to disenfranchise and remove political and economic gains made by African Americans during the Reconstruction era. Jim Crow laws were enforced until 1965. In practice, Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America and in some others, beginning in the 1870s. Jim Crow laws were upheld in 1896 in the case of ''Plessy vs. Ferguson'', in which the Supreme Court laid out its "separate but equal" legal doctrine concerning faciliti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Texas Constitution Of 1876
The Constitution of the State of Texas is the document that establishes the structure and function of the government of the U.S. state of Texas, and enumerates the basic rights of the citizens of Texas. The current document was adopted on February 15, 1876, and is the seventh constitution in Texas history (including the Mexican constitution). The previous six were adopted in 1827 (while Texas was still part of Mexico and half of the state of Coahuila y Tejas), 1836 (the Constitution of the Republic of Texas), 1845 (upon admission to the United States), 1861 (at the beginning of the American Civil War), 1866 (at the end of the American Civil War), and 1869. At 86,936 words, the constitution is the second-longest state constitution in the United States, exceeded only by the Constitution of Alabama, which is 388,882 words long. Much of that length comes from its status as one of the most amended state constitutions; only the Alabama and California constitutions have been amended ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Handbook Of Texas Online
The ''Handbook of Texas'' is a comprehensive encyclopedia of Texas geography, history, and historical persons published by the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA). History The original ''Handbook'' was the brainchild of TSHA President Walter Prescott Webb of The University of Texas history department. It was published as a two-volume set in 1952, with a supplemental volume published in 1976. In 1996, the New Handbook of Texas was published, expanding the encyclopedia to six volumes and over 23,000 articles. In 1999, the Handbook of Texas Online went live with the complete text of the print edition, all corrections incorporated into the handbook's second printing, and about 400 articles not included in the print edition due to space limitations. The handbook continues to be updated online, and contains over 25,000 articles. The online version includes entries on general topics, such as "Texas Since World War II", biographies such as notable Texans Samuel Houston and W. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Texas State Historical Association
The Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) is a non-profit educational organization, dedicated to documenting the history of Texas. It was founded in Austin, Texas, on March 2, 1897. , TSHA moved their offices from Austin to the University of North Texas in Denton. In 2015, the offices were relocated again, to the University of Texas at Austin. Overview The chief executive officer is Jesús F. de la Teja and the chief historian is Walter L. Buenger. The association president (2018-2019) is Sarita Hixon; the preceding president is (2017-2018) Paula Mitchell Marks. Other past presidents include Steve Cook (2016-2017), Lynn Denton (2015-2016), John L. Nau III (2014-2015), Gregg Cantrell (2013-2014), Watson Arnold (2012-2013), Merline Pitre (2011-2012), Dianne Garrett Powell (2010–2011) and Walter L. Buenger (2009-2010). Other past presidents are the late Robert A. Calvert (1989–1990) of Texas A&M, Alwyn Barr (1992-1993) of Texas Tech University, and Jerry D. Thompson (2001†... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prairie View Normal And Industrial College
Prairie View A&M University (PVAMU or PV) is a public historically black land-grant university in Prairie View, Texas. Founded in 1876, it is one of Texas's two land-grant universities and the second oldest public institution of higher learning in the state. It offers baccalaureate degrees in 50 academic majors, 37 master's degrees and four doctoral degree programs through eight colleges and the School of Architecture. PVAMU is the largest HBCU in the state of Texas and the third largest HBCU in the United States. PVAMU is a member of the Texas A&M University System and Thurgood Marshall College Fund. Prairie View A&M fields 18 intercollegiate sports team, commonly known by their "Prairie View A&M Panthers" nickname. Prairie View A&M competes in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I and the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC). Prairie View A&M is the only charter member remaining in the conference. History The university was established by A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heman Sweatt
Heman Marion Sweatt (December 11, 1912 – October 3, 1982) was an African-American civil rights activist who confronted Jim Crow laws. He is best known for the ''Sweatt v. Painter'' lawsuit, which challenged the " separate but equal" doctrine and was one of the earliest of the events that led to the desegregation of American higher education. Early life Heman Marion Sweatt (nicknamed "Bill") was born on December 11, 1912, in Houston, Texas, the fourth of six children born to James Leonard Sweatt and Ella Rose Perry. James Sweatt had attended Jack Yates High School, graduated in 1930, after which he attended Prairie View Normal School and became a school teacher. Later he worked as a principal in Beaumont and then moved to Houston for better economic opportunity. Heman grew up in a relatively desegregated area of Houston, the third ward on Chenevert Street. Even though it was relatively integrated, he still experienced racism and Jim Crow in full. In October 1920 the KK ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sweatt V
Sweatt may refer to: People * Bill Sweatt, American ice hockey player * George Sweatt, American baseball player * Lee Sweatt, American ice hockey player * Thomas Sweatt, American serial arsonist * W. R. Sweatt, American industrialist Places * Mount Sweatt Mount Sweatt () is a mountain, 2,540 m, standing 6.5 nautical miles (12 km) northeast of Mount Soyat on the ridge between Hueneme and Norfolk Glaciers, in the Wisconsin Range. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from su ..., a mountain in Antarctica Other * Sweatt v. Painter, U.S. Supreme Court case on racial segregation {{dab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plessy V
''Plessy v. Ferguson'', 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal". The decision legitimized the many state laws re-establishing racial segregation that had been passed in the American South after the end of the Reconstruction era (1865–1877). The underlying case began in 1892 when Homer Plessy, a mixed-race man, deliberately boarded a "whites-only" train car in New Orleans. By boarding the whites-only car, Plessy violated Louisiana's Separate Car Act of 1890, which required "equal, but separate" railroad accommodations for white and non-white passengers. Plessy was charged under the Act, and at his trial his lawyers argued that judge John Howard Ferguson should dismiss the charges on the grounds that the Act was unconstitutional. Ferguson den ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brown V
Brown is a color. It can be considered a composite color, but it is mainly a darker shade of orange. In the CMYK color model used in printing or painting, brown is usually made by combining the colors Orange (colour), orange and black. In the RGB color model used to project colors onto television screens and computer monitors, brown combines red and green. The color brown is seen widely in nature, wood, soil, human brown hair, hair color, eye color and Human skin color, skin pigmentation. Brown is the color of dark wood or rich soil. According to public opinion surveys in Europe and the United States, brown is the least favorite color of the public; it is often associated with plainness, the rustic, feces, and poverty. More positive associations include baking, warmth, wildlife, and the autumn. Etymology The term is from Old English , in origin for any dusky or dark shade of color. The first recorded use of ''brown'' as a color name in English was in 1000. The Common Germanic a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Texas State Teachers Association
Texas State Teachers Association, or TSTA, is the oldest education organization in Texas, affiliated with the National Education Association (NEA). TSTA is led by a full-time state president and vice president, a board of directors, and a democratically elected House of Delegates. Mission TSTA's mission is to "unite, organize and empower public education advocates to shape public education in Texas, thus providing a quality public school Public school may refer to: * State school (known as a public school in many countries), a no-fee school, publicly funded and operated by the government * Public school (United Kingdom), certain elite fee-charging independent schools in England an ... for every child." History TSTA originated in Mexia in June 1880, when the North Texas Teachers Association and Austin Teachers Association combined. Among its many achievements: minimum foundation laws that set statewide teacher salaries; creation of the Teacher Retirement System of Texas; ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
