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Coleman–Liau Index
The Coleman–Liau index is a readability test designed by Meri Coleman and T. L. Liau to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning fog index, SMOG index, and Automated Readability Index, its output approximates the U.S. grade level thought necessary to comprehend the text. Like the ARI but unlike most of the other indices, Coleman–Liau relies on characters instead of syllables per word. Although opinion varies on its accuracy as compared to the syllable/word and complex word indices, characters are more readily and accurately counted by computer programs than are syllables. The Coleman–Liau index was designed to be easily calculated mechanically from samples of hard-copy text. Unlike syllable-based readability indices, it does not require that the character content of words be analyzed, only their length in characters. Therefore, it could be used in conjunction with theoretically simple mechanical scanners that would only need to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Readability Test
Readability is the ease with which a reader can understand a written text. In natural language, the readability of text depends on its content (the complexity of its vocabulary and syntax) and its presentation (such as typographic aspects that affect legibility, like font size, line height, character spacing, and line length). Researchers have used various factors to measure readability, such as: * Speed of perception * Perceptibility at a distance * Perceptibility in peripheral vision * Visibility * Reflex blink technique * Rate of work (reading speed) * Eye movements * Fatigue in reading * Cognitively-motivated features * Word difficulty * N-gram analysis * Semantic Richness Higher readability eases reading effort and speed for any reader, but it makes a larger difference for those who do not have high reading comprehension. Readability exists in both natural language and programming languages though in different forms. In programming, things such as programmer comments, ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meri Coleman Commune, Teleorman County, Romania
{{disambiguation, geo ...
Meri may refer to: *Meri (name) *Meri (mythology), folk hero in Bororo mythology *Meri, term in shakuhachi music *''The Meri'', novel by Maya Kaathryn Bohnhoff *''Meri'', release title of La Mer (film) in Finland *Meri (political party), now-defunct political party in Israel * Meri or Mery, an ancient Egyptian name Places *Merì, town in Italy *Meri, Cameroon, commune in Extrême-Nord region *Meri, Iran (other) *Meri, a village in Drăgăneşti Commune, Prahova County, Romania *Meri, a village in Vedea The Vedea () is a river in southern Romania that flows from the Cotmeana Plateau and empties into the Danube. It has a total length of 224 km, of which 33 km is regulated. Its drainage basin area is 5,430 km2. It flows in Argeș Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gunning Fog Index
In linguistics, the Gunning fog index is a readability test for English writing. The index estimates the years of formal education a person needs to understand the text on the first reading. For instance, a fog index of 12 requires the reading level of a United States high school senior (around 18 years old). The test was developed in 1952 by Robert Gunning, an American businessman who had been involved in newspaper and textbook publishing. The fog index is commonly used to confirm that text can be read easily by the intended audience. Texts for a wide audience generally need a fog index less than 12. Texts requiring near-universal understanding generally need an index less than 8. Calculation The Gunning fog index is calculated with the following algorithm: # Select a passage (such as one or more full paragraphs) of around 100 words. Do not omit any sentences; # Determine the average sentence length. (Divide the number of words by the number of sentences.); # Count the "compl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SMOG Index
Smog, or smoke fog, is a type of intense air pollution. The word "smog" was coined in the early 20th century, and is a portmanteau of the words ''smoke'' and ''fog'' to refer to smoky fog due to its opacity, and odor. The word was then intended to refer to what was sometimes known as pea soup fog, a familiar and serious problem in London from the 19th century to the mid-20th century. This kind of visible air pollution is composed of nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxide, ozone, smoke and other particulates. Man-made smog is derived from coal combustion emissions, vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, forest and agricultural fires and photochemical reactions of these emissions. Smog is often categorized as being either summer smog or winter smog. Summer smog is primarily associated with the photochemical formation of ozone. During the summer season when the temperatures are warmer and there is more sunlight present, photochemical smog is the dominant type of smog formation. Duri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Automated Readability Index
The automated readability index (ARI) is a readability test for English texts, designed to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the Flesch–Kincaid grade level, Gunning fog index, SMOG index, Fry readability formula The Fry readability formula (or Fry readability graph) is a readability metric for English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ..., and Coleman–Liau index, it produces an approximate representation of the US grade level needed to comprehend the text. The formula for calculating the automated readability index is given below: : 4.71 \left (\frac \right) + 0.5 \left (\frac \right) - 21.43 where ''characters'' is the number of letters and numbers, ''words'' is the number of spaces, and ''sentences'' is the number of sentences, which were counted manually by the typist when the above formula was developed. Non-integer scores are alway ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Educational Stages
Educational stages are subdivisions of formal learning, typically covering early childhood education, primary education, secondary education and tertiary education. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recognizes nine levels of education in its International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) system (from Level 0 (pre-primary education) through Level 8 (doctoral)). UNESCO's International Bureau of Education maintains a database of country-specific education systems and their stages. Organization Education during childhood and early adulthood is typically provided through either a two- or three-stage system of childhood school, followed by additional stages of higher education or vocational education for those who continue their formal education: *Early childhood education at preschool, nursery school, or kindergarten (outside the U.S. and Canada) *Primary education at primary school or elementary school, and sometimes in the earl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Optical Character Recognition
Optical character recognition or optical character reader (OCR) is the electronic or mechanical conversion of images of typed, handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text, whether from a scanned document, a photo of a document, a scene-photo (for example the text on signs and billboards in a landscape photo) or from subtitle text superimposed on an image (for example: from a television broadcast). Widely used as a form of data entry from printed paper data records – whether passport documents, invoices, bank statements, computerized receipts, business cards, mail, printouts of static-data, or any suitable documentation – it is a common method of digitizing printed texts so that they can be electronically edited, searched, stored more compactly, displayed on-line, and used in machine processes such as cognitive computing, machine translation, (extracted) text-to-speech, key data and text mining. OCR is a field of research in pattern recognition, artificial intellig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Readability
Readability is the ease with which a reader can understand a written text. In natural language, the readability of text depends on its content (the complexity of its vocabulary and syntax) and its presentation (such as typographic aspects that affect legibility, like font size, line height, character spacing, and line length). Researchers have used various factors to measure readability, such as: * Speed of perception * Perceptibility at a distance * Perceptibility in peripheral vision * Visibility * Reflex blink technique * Rate of work (reading speed) * Eye movements * Fatigue in reading * Cognitively-motivated features * Word difficulty * N-gram analysis * Semantic Richness Higher readability eases reading effort and speed for any reader, but it makes a larger difference for those who do not have high reading comprehension. Readability exists in both natural language and programming languages though in different forms. In programming, things such as programmer comments, c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
