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Cognitive-affective Personality System
The cognitive-affective personality system or cognitive-affective processing system (CAPS) is a contribution to the psychology of personality proposed by Walter Mischel and Yuichi Shoda in 1995. According to the cognitive-affective model, behavior is best predicted from a comprehensive understanding of the person, the situation, and the interaction between person and situation. Description Cognitive-affective theorists argue that behavior is not the result of some global personality trait; instead, it arises from individuals' perceptions of themselves in a particular situation. However, inconsistencies in behavior are not due solely to the situation; inconsistent behaviors reflect stable patterns of variation within the person. These stable variations in behavior present themselves in the following framework: If A, then X; but if B, then Y. People's pattern of variability is the behavioral signature of their personality, or their stable pattern of behaving differently in various s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Self-perception
Self-perception theory (SPT) is an account of attitude formation developed by psychologist Daryl Bem. It asserts that people develop their attitudes (when there is no previous attitude due to a lack of experience, etc.—and the emotional response is ambiguous) by observing their own behavior and concluding what attitudes must have caused it. The theory is counterintuitive in nature, as the conventional wisdom is that attitudes determine behaviors. Furthermore, the theory suggests that people induce attitudes without accessing internal cognition and mood states. The person interprets their own overt behaviors rationally in the same way they attempt to explain others' behaviors. Bem's original experiment In an attempt to decide if individuals induce their attitudes as observers without accessing their internal states, Bem used interpersonal simulations, in which an "observer-participant" is given a detailed description of one condition of a cognitive dissonance experiment. Subject ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Situationism (psychology)
Under the controversy of person–situation debate, situationism is the theory that changes in human behavior are factors of the situation rather than the traits a person possesses. Behavior is believed to be influenced by external, situational factors rather than internal traits or motivations. Situationism therefore challenges the positions of trait theorists, such as Hans Eysenck or Raymond B. Cattell. This is an ongoing debate that has truth to both sides; psychologists are able to prove each of the view points through human experimentation. History and conceptions Situationists believe that thoughts, feelings, dispositions, and past experiences and behaviors do not determine what someone will do in a given situation, rather, the situation itself does. Situationists tend to assume that character traits are distinctive, meaning that they do not completely disregard the idea of traits, but suggest that situations have a greater impact on behavior than those traits. Situationism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Interaction
A social relation or also described as a social interaction or social experience is the fundamental unit of analysis within the social sciences, and describes any voluntary or involuntary interpersonal relationship between two or more individuals within and/or between groups. The group can be a language or kinship group, a social institution or organization, an economic class, a nation, or gender. Social relations are derived from human behavioral ecology, and, as an aggregate, form a coherent social structure whose constituent parts are best understood relative to each other and to the ecosystem as a whole. Fundamental inquiries into the nature of social relations feature in the work of sociologists such as Max Weber in his theory of social action. Social relationships are composed of both positive (affiliative) and negative (agonistic) interactions, representing opposing effects. Categorizing social interactions enables observational and other social research, such as Gemeinsc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Walter Mischel
Walter Mischel (; February 22, 1930 – September 12, 2018) was an Austrian-born American psychologist specializing in personality theory and social psychology. He was the Robert Johnston Niven Professor of Humane Letters in the Department of Psychology at Columbia University. A ''Review of General Psychology'' survey, published in 2002, ranked Mischel as the 25th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Early life Mischel was born on February 22, 1930 in Vienna, Austria, to Salomon Mischel and the former Lola Leah Schreck. He was the brother of Theodore Mischel, who became an American philosopher. When he was 8 years old his Jewish family fled with him to the United States after the Nazi occupation in 1938. He grew up in Brooklyn, New York City where he attended New York University and received his bachelor's degree (1951) and master's degree (1953). He continued his studies under George Kelly and Julian Rotter at Ohio State University, where he received his Ph.D. in c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yuichi Shoda
Yuichi Shoda ( ja, 正田佑一) is a Japanese-born psychologist and academicYuichi Shoda Lab who contributed to the development of the theory of personality.Mischel, W. & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. ''Psychological Review'', 102, 246-268. Biography Shoda was born and grew up in . He studied physics at |
Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between the natural and social sciences. Psychologists seek an understanding of the emergent properties of brains, linking the discipline to neuroscience. As social scientists, psychologists aim to understand the behavior of individuals and groups.Fernald LD (2008)''Psychology: Six perspectives'' (pp.12–15). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Hockenbury & Hockenbury. Psychology. Worth Publishers, 2010. Ψ (''psi''), the first letter of the Greek word ''psyche'' from which the term psychology is derived (see below), is commonly associated with the science. A professional practitioner or researcher involved in the discipline is called a psychologist. Some psychologists can also be classified as behavioral or cognitive scientists. Some psyc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biospheric Model Of Personality
The biospheric model of personality is a contribution to the psychology of personality proposed by Andras Angyal in 1941. According to this model, the biosphere is the system of the individual and her environment, consisting of Subject subsystem (the individual) and Object subsystem (the environment).Angyal, Andras (1941) ''Foundations for a science of personality'', The Commonwealth Fund. Description The following outlines the author's holistic view of the biosphere: *The Subject pole: ''Elements'': attitude, drive, craving; ''Organized into'': axioms of behavior, systems of axioms, the personal system principle. *The Object pole: ''Elements'': relevance, valence, demand quality; ''Organized into'': axiomatic values, systems of values, the environment's system. Angyal describes three personality dimensions: *vertical dimension, with surface behavior and deep attitudes that guide that behavior; *progressive dimension, which is the series of behaviors that lead to attaining a g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypostatic Model Of Personality
The hypostatic model of personality is a view asserting that humans present themselves in many different aspects or hypostases, depending on the internal and external realities they relate to, including different approaches to the study of personality. It is both a dimensional model and an aspect theory, in the sense of the concept of multiplicity. The model falls into the category of complex, biopsychosocial approaches to personality. The term hypostasis can cover a wide range of personality-related entities usually known as type, stage, trait, system, approach.Tapu 2001, p. 15 The history of the concept can be traced back to Peirce's hypostatic abstraction, or personification of traits. Different authors have described various ''dimensions of the self'' (or ''selves''), personality dimensions and subpersonalities.Rowan 1990, p. 8 Contemporary studies link different aspects of personality to specific biological, social, and environmental factors. The work on subpersonalities w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Personality Systematics
Personality systematics is a contribution to the psychology of personality and to psychotherapy summarized by Jeffrey J. Magnavita in 2006 and 2009.Magnavita, Jeffrey J. (2009) Psychodynamic Family Psychotherapy: Toward Unified Relational Systematics. In Bray, James H., Stanton, Mark (Eds.) ''The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Family Psychology''. John Wiley and Sons, .Magnavita, Jeffrey J. (2006) ''Treating personality disorders'' merican Psychological Association Videotape Washington, DC: American Psychological Association It is the study of the interrelationships among subsystems of personality as they are embedded in the entire ecological system. The model falls into the category of complex, biopsychosocial approaches to personality. The term personality systematics was originally coined by William Grant Dahlstrom in 1972.Dahlstrom, William Grant (1972) ''Personality systematics and the problem of types''. General Learning Press Historical background Systems psychology has emer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Systems Psychology
Systems psychology is a branch of both theoretical psychology and applied psychology that studies human behaviour and experience as complex systems. It is inspired by systems theory and systems thinking, and based on the theoretical work of Roger Barker, Gregory Bateson, Humberto Maturana and others. Groups and individuals are considered as systems in homeostasis. Alternative terms here are "systemic psychology", "systems behavior", and "systems-based psychology". Types In the scientific literature, different kinds of systems psychology have been mentioned: ;Applied systems psychology :In the 1970s the term applied systems psychology was being used as a specialism directly related to engineering psychology and human factor. ;Cognitive systems theory :Cognitive systems psychology is a part of cognitive psychology and like existential psychology, attempts to dissolve the barrier between conscious and the unconscious mind. ;Concrete systems psychology :Concrete systems ps ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
