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Circular Reference
A circular reference (or reference cycle) is a series of references where the last object references the first, resulting in a closed loop. Simple example A newcomer asks a local where the town library is. "Just in front of the post office," says the local. The newcomer nods, and follows up: "But where is the post office?" "Why, that's simple," replies the local. "It's just behind the library!" In language A circular reference is not to be confused with the logical fallacy of a circular argument. Although a circular reference will often be unhelpful and reveal no information, such as two entries in a book index referring to each other, it is not necessarily so that a circular reference is of no use. Dictionaries, for instance, must always ultimately be a circular reference since all words in a dictionary are defined in terms of other words, but a dictionary nevertheless remains a useful reference. Sentences containing circular references can still be meaningful: :''Her b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Programming
Computer programming or coding is the composition of sequences of instructions, called computer program, programs, that computers can follow to perform tasks. It involves designing and implementing algorithms, step-by-step specifications of procedures, by writing source code, code in one or more programming languages. Programmers typically use high-level programming languages that are more easily intelligible to humans than machine code, which is directly executed by the central processing unit. Proficient programming usually requires expertise in several different subjects, including knowledge of the Domain (software engineering), application domain, details of programming languages and generic code library (computing), libraries, specialized algorithms, and Logic#Formal logic, formal logic. Auxiliary tasks accompanying and related to programming include Requirements analysis, analyzing requirements, Software testing, testing, debugging (investigating and fixing problems), imple ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causal Fallacies
The questionable cause—also known as causal fallacy, false cause, or ''non causa pro causa'' ("non-cause for cause" in Latin)—is a category of informal fallacies in which the cause or causes is/are incorrectly identified. In other words, it is a fallacy of reaching a conclusion that one thing caused another, simply because they are regularly associated. Questionable cause can be logically reduced to: "A is regularly associated with B; therefore, A causes B." For example: "Every time I score an A on the test its a sunny day. Therefore the sunny day causes me to score well on the test." Here is the example the two events may coincide or correlate, but have no causal connection. Fallacies of questionable cause include: * Circular cause and consequence * Correlation implies causation (''cum hoc, ergo propter hoc'') ** Third-cause fallacy ** Wrong direction * Fallacy of the single cause * ''Post hoc ergo propter hoc'' * Observational interpretation fallacy * Regression fallacy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Newton-Raphson
In numerical analysis, the Newton–Raphson method, also known simply as Newton's method, named after Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson, is a root-finding algorithm which produces successively better approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real-valued function. The most basic version starts with a real-valued function , its derivative , and an initial guess for a root of . If satisfies certain assumptions and the initial guess is close, then x_ = x_0 - \frac is a better approximation of the root than . Geometrically, is the x-intercept of the tangent of the graph of at : that is, the improved guess, , is the unique root of the linear approximation of at the initial guess, . The process is repeated as x_ = x_n - \frac until a sufficiently precise value is reached. The number of correct digits roughly doubles with each step. This algorithm is first in the class of Householder's methods, and was succeeded by Halley's method. The method can also be extended to complex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colebrook Equation
In fluid dynamics, the Darcy friction factor formulae are equations that allow the calculation of the ''Darcy friction factor'', a dimensionless quantity used in the Darcy–Weisbach equation, for the description of friction losses in pipe flow as well as open-channel flow. The Darcy friction factor is also known as the ''Darcy–Weisbach friction factor'', ''resistance coefficient'' or simply ''friction factor''; by definition it is four times larger than the Fanning friction factor. Notation In this article, the following conventions and definitions are to be understood: * The Reynolds number Re is taken to be Re = ''V'' ''D'' / ν, where ''V'' is the mean velocity of fluid flow, ''D'' is the pipe diameter, and where ν is the kinematic viscosity μ / ρ, with μ the fluid's Dynamic viscosity, and ρ the fluid's density. * The pipe's relative roughness ε / ''D'', where ε is the pipe's effective roughness height and ''D'' the pipe (inside) diameter. * ''f'' stands for the D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spreadsheet
A spreadsheet is a computer application for computation, organization, analysis and storage of data in tabular form. Spreadsheets were developed as computerized analogs of paper accounting worksheets. The program operates on data entered in cells of a table. Each cell may contain either numeric or text data, or the results of formulas that automatically calculate and display a value based on the contents of other cells. The term ''spreadsheet'' may also refer to one such electronic document. Spreadsheet users can adjust any stored value and observe the effects on calculated values. This makes the spreadsheet useful for "what-if" analysis since many cases can be rapidly investigated without manual recalculation. Modern spreadsheet software can have multiple interacting sheets and can display data either as text and numerals or in graphical form. Besides performing basic arithmetic and mathematical functions, modern spreadsheets provide built-in functions for common financial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infinite Loop
In computer programming, an infinite loop (or endless loop) is a sequence of instructions that, as written, will continue endlessly, unless an external intervention occurs, such as turning off power via a switch or pulling a plug. It may be intentional. There is no general algorithm to determine whether a computer program contains an infinite loop or not; this is the halting problem. Overview This differs from "a type of computer program that runs the same instructions continuously until it is either stopped or interrupted". Consider the following pseudocode: how_many = 0 while is_there_more_data() do how_many = how_many + 1 end display "the number of items counted = " how_many ''The same instructions'' were run ''continuously until it was stopped or interrupted'' . . . by the ''FALSE'' returned at some point by the function ''is_there_more_data''. By contrast, the following loop will not end by itself: birds = 1 fish = 2 while birds + fish > 1 do birds = 3 - bird ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Livelock
In concurrent computing, deadlock is any situation in which no member of some group of entities can proceed because each waits for another member, including itself, to take action, such as sending a message or, more commonly, releasing a lock. Deadlocks are a common problem in multiprocessing systems, parallel computing, and distributed systems, because in these contexts systems often use software or hardware locks to arbitrate shared resources and implement process synchronization. In an operating system, a deadlock occurs when a process or thread enters a waiting state because a requested system resource is held by another waiting process, which in turn is waiting for another resource held by another waiting process. If a process remains indefinitely unable to change its state because resources requested by it are being used by another process that itself is waiting, then the system is said to be in a deadlock. In a communications system, deadlocks occur mainly due to loss ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terry A
Terry is a unisex diminutive nickname for the given names Teresa or Theresa (feminine) or Terence, Terrance (masculine). People Male * Terry A. Canales, American politician * Terry A. Doughty (born 1959), American district judge * Terry A. D. Strickland (born 1992), American convicted murderer * Terry A. Osborn, American academic and professor of education * Terry A. Simmons (1946–2020), Canadian-American lawyer and cultural geographer * Terry A. White (born 1959), American prelate * Terry A. Willkom (born 1943), American former politician * Terry A. Yonkers (born 1949), American former Air Force civilian * Terry Ablade (born 2001), Ghanaian-born Finnish professional footballer * Terry Abram (born 1947), American retired ice hockey player and coach * Terry Acox (born 1969), American former professional basketball player * Terry Adail, birth name of Doc Terry (1921–2001), American blues musician * Terry Adams, several people * Terry Adamson (born 1948), English for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
