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Cherkessia
Circassia (; also known as Cherkessia in some sources; ady, Адыгэ Хэку, Адыгей, lit=, translit=Adıgə Xəku, Adıgey; ; ota, چرکسستان, Çerkezistan; ) was a country and a historical region in the along the northeast shore of the Black Sea. It was conquered and occupied by Russia during the Russian-Circassian War (1763–1864). 90% of the Circassian people were either exiled from the region or massacred in the Circassian genocide. The Circassians also dominated the north of the Kuban river in the early medieval and ancient times, but with the raids of the Mongol Empire, Golden Horde and the Crimean Khanate, they were withdrawn south of the Kuban, from the Taman Peninsula to North Ossetia. During the Medieval Era, Circassian lords subjugated and vassalized the neighboring Karachay-Balkars and Ossetians. The term Circassia is also used as the collective name of Circassian states established on Circassian territory. Legally and internationally, the Tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inal The Great
Inal Nekhu (; kbd, Инал Нэху, lit=Inal the Radiant, translit=Yinal Nəxw; also known as Inal the Great in Georgian sources) was the Supreme Prince (King) of Circassia from 1427 to 1453 who unified all Circassians (then divided into several princedoms) into one state. He led campaigns into several countries and expanded borders on all directions. He was the founder of several Circassian tribes, mainly Kabardia, Besleney, Temirgoy, Zhaney, and Hatuqwai. Although the origin of Inal's nickname (Nef/Nekhu) is not known, sources claim that he had one eye blind, therefore it came from the word "Нэф" meaning "blind" in Circassian, and some claim that it came from the word "Нэху" meaning "enlightened" in Circassian. Biography Before the rise of Inal, the established lords in Circassia had separate territorial administration and an organized structure was not developed. Although the Circassians resisted Timurid forces in the Timur-Circassian wars, the Circassian region suff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abazin Language
Abaza (, ; ady, абазэбзэ) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by Abazins in Russia and many of the exiled communities in Turkey. The language has gone through several different orthographies based primarily on Arabic, Roman, and Cyrillic letters. Its consonant to vowel ratio is remarkably high; making it quite similar to many other languages from the same parent chain. The language evolved in popularity in the mid to late 1800s, but has become an endangered language. Abaza is spoken by approximately 35,000 people in Russia, where it is written in a Cyrillic alphabet, as well as another 10,000 in Turkey, where the Latin script is used. It consists of two dialects, the Ashkherewa dialect and the T'ap'anta dialect, which is the literary standard. The language also consists of five sub dialects known as Psyzh-Krasnovostok, Abazakt, Apsua, Kubin-Elburgan and Kuvin. Abaza, like its relatives in the family of Northwest Caucasian languages, is a highly agglutinative languag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ismail Berzeg
Hajji Ismail Dogomuqo Berzeg (1763–1846) was a Circassian military commander and politician who served as the 2nd leader of the Circassian Confederation from 1827 to 1839. He was also the princely leader of the Ubykh tribe. He took part in both military and political capacity in the Russo-Circassian War. After 1838, he acted as a diplomat between Circassia and England. Early life Berzeg was born in 1763 in Ubykhia. English agent and traveler James Bell noted that each Berzeg family member could send 150 men to the battlefield, a combined 3,000 warriors. Saad-Girey Berzeg, Ismail's predecessor, was the Ubykh leader at the beginning of the 19th century. In 1823, after Saad-Girey's death, Ismail was elected leader of the Berzeg clan and the commander of all Ubykhs. Ismail lived in the valley of the Sochi River, on its right bank, two hours from the sea. Bell described Ismail Dogomuko Berzeg: "He was a tall man with beautiful gray eyes. His influence was determined not only ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circassian Parliament
The Circassian Parliament or the Circassian Majlis (; also called the Parliament of Independence; ) was the legislature of Circassia officialized in 1861 after a meeting in Sochi attended by leaders of several Circassian provinces.Трагические последствия Кавказской войны для адыгов (вторая половина XIX – начало XX в.). – Нальчик., 2000. A tribal confederation had existed before the parliament's establishment, but a centralized government was achieved only after it was built. The parliament aimed to defend the western part of Circassia from Russian invasion, and to liberate the occupied Eastern Circassia from the Russian Empire during the Russian-Circassian War. It also sent delegates abroad to gain support for the Circassian struggle internationally.Фадеев А.В. Указ. соч. History Previous parliament The first western-type parliament in Circassia was called in 1820 with 300 people. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circassian Genocide
The Circassian genocide, or Tsitsekun, was the Russian Empire's systematic mass murder, ethnic cleansing, and expulsion of 80–97% of the Circassian population, around 800,000–1,500,000 people, during and after the Russo-Circassian War (1763–1864). The peoples planned for removal were mainly the Circassians, but other Muslim peoples of the Caucasus were also affected. Several methods used by Russian forces such as impaling and tearing the bellies of pregnant women were reported. Russian generals such as Grigory Zass described the Circassians as "subhuman filth", and glorified the mass murder of Circassian civilians,Capobianco, Michael (2012). ''Blood on the Shore: The Circassian Genocide'' justified their use in scientific experiments, and allowed their soldiers to rape women. During the Russo-Circassian War, the Russian Empire employed a genocidal strategy of massacring Circassian civilians. Only a small percentage who accepted Russification and resettlement within th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parliament Of Independence (Circassia)
The Circassian Parliament or the Circassian Majlis (; also called the Parliament of Independence; ) was the legislature of Circassia officialized in 1861 after a meeting in Sochi attended by leaders of several Circassian provinces.Трагические последствия Кавказской войны для адыгов (вторая половина XIX – начало XX в.). – Нальчик., 2000. A tribal confederation had existed before the parliament's establishment, but a centralized government was achieved only after it was built. The parliament aimed to defend the western part of Circassia from Russian invasion, and to liberate the occupied Eastern Circassia from the Russian Empire during the Russian-Circassian War. It also sent delegates abroad to gain support for the Circassian struggle internationally.Фадеев А.В. Указ. соч. History Previous parliament The first western-type parliament in Circassia was called in 1820 with 300 people. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jankhot Qushuq
Jankhot Qushuq () was the Kabardian Grand Prince between 1809 and 1822 and head of the Kabardian Provisional Court between 1822 and 1830. Family A member of the Kabardian Bekmirza family, he was the oldest son of Prince Jantoq. He married three times. He had three sons and two daughters. His oldest son drowned in the Kuban river and his second oldest son died in Georgiyevsk Georgiyevsk (russian: Гео́ргиевск) ( os, Гуым) is a historical town in Stavropol Krai, Russia, located in the North Caucasus on submontane tableland on the right bank of the Podkumok River (a tributary of the Kuma River), southe .... His youngest son Jambulat was killed in 1825 by Russians. His brothers were baptised and accepted Christianity. References 1758 births 1830 deaths {{more cats, date=July 2021 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Misost Bematiqwa
Misost Bematiqwa (; ; ? — 1788) was a member of the Kabardian royal family and the Atajuq family. He was the Grand Prince between 1785 and 1788. Life He opposed the construction of the Mozdok fortress on Circassian lands, and saw it as a Russia invasion of Circassia. In January 1764, Kabardian nobles including Bematiqwa met with the representative of the Russian Kizlyar, commandant Major General N. A. Potapov, and unsuccessfully demanded the demolition of the fortress. The Kabardian princes threatened to seek an alliance with the Crimean Khan against Russia.''Мальбахов Б. К.'' Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века). — Москва: «Поматур», 2002. — С. 293. — ISBN 5-86208-106-2. In June 1767, Bematiqwa, then a military commander, launched a military operation against Russia, but many other Kabardian nobles preferred to surrender.''Маль ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qasey Atajuq
Qasey Atajuq (; ? — 1773) was the Kabardian Grand Prince between 1762 and 1773. Biography He was against the construction of the Mozdok Mozdok (russian: Моздо́к; os, Мæздæг, ''Mæzdæg''; Kabardian: Мэздэгу) is a town and the administrative center of Mozdoksky District of North Ossetia – Alania, Russia, located on the left shore of the Terek River, n ... fortress in Circassian lands, and saw it as an invasion of Circassia by Russia. After 1765, he consistently advocated the destruction of Mozdok. After the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish war of 1768–1774, Qasey Atajuq searched for ways to strengthen Kabardian sovereignty by diplomatic methods. He remained dissatisfied with the conditions for Russian annexation of Kabarda. In the last years of his life, Atajuq was actively looking for allies to exert diplomatic and military-political pressure on Russia. In 1773, he died. References {{Reflist 1773 deaths People of the Caucasian War Cir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qeytuqo Aslanbech
Aslanbech Qeytuqo () was the Kabardian Grand Prince between 1737 and 1746. He was the eldest son of Prince Qeytuqo Djembulatiqo. His younger brothers were Qanamet and Djembulat.Doğbay, Orhan. ''"Türkiye'de Çerkes diasporasının siyasi tarihi" üzerine notlar.''Мальбахов Б. К. "Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века), Москва, «Поматур», 2002 г. He believed that the struggles between princes, lords and khans must end and the unity of the tribes should be ensured in order to gather first Kabarda and then the whole Caucasus under a state roof. He gained the support of Jabagh Qazanoqo. References * Мальбахов Б. К. "Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века), Москва, «Поматур», 2002 г. {{DEFAULTSORT:Aslanbech, Qeytuqo 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kurgoqo Atajuq
Kurgoqo Atajuq (; ; ?–1709/1710) was the Kabardian Supreme Prince between 1695 and 1709 (or 1710). Biography Rise to power After the death of his uncle Kazıy Misost (1672-1695), he was elected grand prince of Kabarda. He fought a long struggle with the Crimean Khanate. Struggle against Crimean raids In 1699, the Crimean detachment under the command of Kalga Shahbaz-Giray invaded Circassia. In December of the same year, Kalga Shahbaz-Giray was killed in Besleney, in the home of the Kabardian prince Timur-Bulat. In 1700–1701, the Crimean detachments led by Kaplan Giray I attacked Circassia and Kabarda twice. In 1703, the army of the Crimeans and their allies under the leadership of Kalga Gazi Giray occupied Kabarda. Tatars and Nogais engaged in robbery and extortion against Circassians. A general uprising broke out in Kabarda. In 1707, the Crimean Tatars launched a new raid on Kabarda. The Tatars took thousands of cattle, but were defeated by the Kabardians. During th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Temryuk Of Kabardia
Temryuk Idar or Temroqwa Idar ( Adyghe: Айдарыкъо Темырикъу) was a prince of the Circassian Kabardian princedom and its head of power for part of the sixteenth century. His fame was largely due to the association of his name with the alliance with Ivan IV and the marriage of his daughter, Maria Temryukovna. When Temryuk came to power, he put down the revolts of the disputing princes, and helped Circassia become a military power within the North Caucasus. Alliance with Ivan the Terrible Temroqwa is one of the most controversial leaders in the Circassian history due to his relationship to the Ivan the Terrible. This critical alliance was perceived by Circassian nationalists as a destructive relationship to the Circassian nation, as the alliance was used by the Russian government as "evidence" of the “voluntary joining” of Circassia to the Russian Tsardom, which is historically not accurate, as Circassia was forcefully annexed after the Russo-Circassian War. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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