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Censorship In The Ancien Régime
Under the French Ancien Régime, royal censorship was the task of censors appointed by the chancellor to judge the editorial legitimacy of a manuscript and to authorize its publication by an approval they signed. At the same time, a privilege in the form of letters patent granted in the King's Council, most often to the bookseller, guaranteed not the content, but the property of the publication against the counterfeiters. This renewable privilege was for three years, or even without limitation for certain basic works (Fathers of the Church, etc.). Brochures of up to 48 pages in-12 were the subject of a simple permission granted by the lieutenant general of police of the place. Object of censorship Censorship was provided by specialists in a number of areas, from the humanities to the sciences in general. They were appointed by the Chancellor. Their judgment related to the content of the proposed manuscript and not to the form. They could ask the author for some corrections. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancien Régime
''Ancien'' may refer to * the French word for "ancient, old" ** Société des anciens textes français * the French for "former, senior" ** Virelai ancien ** Ancien Régime ** Ancien Régime in France {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frankfurt
Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: , "Frank ford on the Main"), is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse. Its 791,000 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located on its namesake Main River, it forms a continuous conurbation with the neighboring city of Offenbach am Main and its urban area has a population of over 2.3 million. The city is the heart of the larger Rhine-Main metropolitan region, which has a population of more than 5.6 million and is Germany's second-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr region. Frankfurt's central business district, the Bankenviertel, lies about northwest of the geographic center of the EU at Gadheim, Lower Franconia. Like France and Franconia, the city is named after the Franks. Frankfurt is the largest city in the Rhine Franconian dialect area. Frankfurt was a city state, the Free City of Frankfurt, for nearly five centuries, and was one of the most import ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Desfontaines-Lavallée
François-Georges Fouques Deshayes (1733, Caen - 25 November 1825), known as Desfontaines or Desfontaines-Lavallée, was a French writer and playwright. Before the French Revolution he worked as a royal censor, secretary and librarian. He cooperated in the publication of the ''Nouvelle Bibliothèque des romans'' (''New Library of Novels'') and wrote several novels himself, including ''Lettres de Sophie et du chevalier de ***'' (1765). He was one of the founders of the '' Dîners du Vaudeville'' and of the '' Dîners du Caveau''. He died in Paris. Works ;Theatre *1765: ''La Bergère des Alpes'', comedy in 1 act and in free vers, Hôtel de Bourgogne, 15 December *1767: ''L'Aveugle de Palmyre'', comédie pastorale in 2 acts in verse mingled with ariettes, Hôtel de Bourgogne, 5 March *1771: ''La Cinquantaine'', pastorale in 3 acts, music by Laborde, Théâtre du Palais-Royal, 13 Août *1773: ''Isménor'', heroic drama in 3 acts, music by Rodolphe, Château de Versailles, 17 Nov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Nicolas Démeunier
Jean-Nicolas Démeunier (sometimes Desmeuniers) (15 March 1751 – 2 February 1814) was a French author and politician. Biography Démeunier was born in Nozeroy in the department of Jura. He is the author of several historical essays, political and moral, and many translations of English travel books. He attended his studies in his home province before his literary abilities earned him the attention of the royal court. Démeunier was appointed Royal Censor and secretary to "Monsieur", the Louis XVIII, who was the brother of King Louis XVI, and the King of France after the Restoration, an event that occurred only months after Démeunier's death. French Revolution Supporter of the French Revolution, he was elected (16 May 1789) by the Third Estate of the city of Paris to the Estates General with 133 votes. When the conservative members of the Constitutional Committee resigned mid-September 1789, he was one of the deputies selected to replace them. He served a turn as Preside ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louis Cousin
Louis Cousin, le président Cousin (; 21 August 1627 – 26 February 1707) was a French translator, historian, lawyer, royal censor and president of the cour des monnaies. Cousin was born and died in Paris. He was the third member elected to occupy seat 3 of the Académie française in 1697. Bibliography *''Histoire de Constantinople depuis le règne de Justin jusqu’à la fin de l'Empire, traduite sur les originaux grecs par Cousin'' (8 volumes, 1672–1685) *''Histoire de l'Église, écrite par Eusèbe, traduite par M. Cousin'' (4 volumes, 1675–1676) *''Les Principes et les règles de la vie chrétienne, traité composé en latin par M. le cardinal Bona et traduit en françois par M. Cousin'' (1675) *''Histoire romaine, écrite par Xiphilin, par Zonare et par Zosime, traduite sur les originaux grecs par M. Cousin'' (1678) *''Histoire de l'Empire d'Occident de Xiphilin, traduite par le président Cousin'' (2 volumes, 1683) *''Discours de Clément Alexandrin pour ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Marie-Louis Coupé
Jean-Marie-Louis Coupé (18 October 1732 – 10 May 1818) was a French abbé, man of letters and librarian. Biography He studied in Paris and was ordained a priest and taught rhetorics at the College of Navarre. He then became tutor to the Prince of Vaudemont, son of the Countess de Brionne, with whom he traveled to Germany, Italy and Switzerland. He published several moral and literary works, including the periodical collections of mélanges and literary varieties. He was appointed a royal censor in 1778 and custodian of the titles and genealogies department of the Bibliothèque du roi in 1785. After the in 1792, he retired in Fontainebleau and managed to earn a living by making translations of Greek and Latin authors for booksellers. He became honorary censor after the Bourbon Restauration. Publications *1772: ''Manuel de morale, dédié à Monseigneur le comte d'Artois'' *1773: ''Dictionnaire des mœurs'' *1785–1787: ''Variétés littéraires, historiques, galantes, et ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles-Nicolas Cochin
Charles-Nicolas Cochin (22 February 1715 – 29 April 1790) was a French engraver, designer, writer, and art critic. To distinguish him from his father of the same name, he is variously called Charles-Nicolas Cochin le Jeune (the Younger), Charles-Nicolas Cochin le fils (the son), or Charles-Nicolas Cochin II. Early life Cochin was born in Paris, the son of Charles-Nicolas Cochin the Elder (1688–1754), under whom he studied engraving.Charles-Nicolas Cochin the Younger at britannica.com (accessed 11 February 2008) His mother was Louise-Magdeleine Horthemels (1686–1767), who herself was an important engraver in Paris for some fifty years. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Baptiste-Michel Bucquet
Jean-Baptiste-Michel Bucquet (; 18 February 1746 – 24 January 1780) was a French chemist, member of the French Academy of Sciences, French Royal Academy of Sciences, physician and public teacher. Life and work Bucquet was born in Paris, in 1746. He was first sent to study law but he then turned to science and attended classes at the Faculty of Medicine in Paris. There he encountered for the first time chemistry applied to medicine. Despite financial trouble, he graduated in 1770 and thus became Docteur-Régent, and married Marie Claude Leredde shortly after. He then started teaching a public course in chemistry in his own laboratory. Between 1771 and 1773, Bucquet published a manual of chemistry, first on mineral then on vegetal chemistry, destined for the use of beginners in the science who need a coherent overview of the different processes and products in use. This manual was intended for people attending his course but also for those who could not. Bucquet's public course ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chevalier D'Éon
Charles-Geneviève-Louis-Auguste-André-Timothée d'Éon de Beaumont or Charlotte-Geneviève-Louise-Augusta-Andréa-Timothéa d'Éon de Beaumont (5 October 172821 May 1810), usually known as the Chevalier d'Éon or the Chevalière d'Éon ( is the female equivalent of , meaning knight), was a French diplomat, spy, and soldier. D'Éon fought in the Seven Years' War, and spied for France while in Russia and England. D'Éon had androgynous physical characteristics and natural abilities as a Mimicry, mimic and a spy. D'Éon appeared publicly as a man and pursued masculine occupations for 49 years, although during that time, d'Éon successfully infiltrated the court of Elizabeth of Russia, Empress Elizabeth of Russia by presenting as a woman. Starting in 1777, d'Éon lived as a woman. Doctors who examined d'Éon's body after death discovered "male organs in every respect perfectly formed", but also feminine characteristics. Early life D'Éon was born at the Hôtel particulier, Hô ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicolas Andry
Nicolas Andry de Bois-Regard (1658 – 13 May 1742) was a French physician and writer. He played a significant role in the early history of both parasitology and orthopedics, the name for which is taken from Andry's book ''Orthopédie''. Early life and career Andry was born in Lyon, and spent his early life preparing for the priesthood. His early studies were widespread, however, and he published a book on the usage of the French language in 1692. In his 30s he studied medicine at Reims and Paris, receiving his degree in 1697, and in 1701 he was appointed to the faculty of the Collège de France and the editorial board of the ''Journal des savants''. Worms Andry's early medical work lies within the nascent germ theory of disease. His first book, ''De la génération des vers dans les corps de l'homme'', was published in 1700, and translated into English in 1701 as ''An Account of the Breeding of Worms in Human Bodies''. The book was an account of Andry's experiments with the mic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michel Adanson
Michel Adanson (7 April 17273 August 1806) was an 18th-century French botanist and naturalist who traveled to Senegal to study flora and fauna. He proposed a "natural system" of taxonomy distinct from the binomial system forwarded by Linnaeus. Personal history Adanson was born at Aix-en-Provence. His family moved to Paris in 1730. After leaving the Collège Sainte-Barbe he was employed in the cabinets of R. A. F. Réaumur and Bernard de Jussieu, as well as in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. He attended lectures at the Jardin du Roi and the Collège Royal in Paris from 1741 to 1746. At the end of 1748, funded by a director of the Compagnie des Indes, he left France on an exploring expedition to Senegal. He remained there for five years, collecting and describing numerous animals and plants. He also collected specimens of every object of commerce, delineated maps of the country, made systematic meteorological and astronomical observations, and prepared grammars and dictionari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Royal Almanac
The Royal Almanac is a French administrative directory founded in 1683 by the bookseller Laurent d'Houry, which appeared under this title from 1700 to 1792, and under other titles until 1919. He presented each year in the official order of precedence, the list of members of the royal family of France, the princes of blood, and the main body of the kingdom, great crown officers, senior clerics, abbots of large abbeys (with income of each abbey), marshals of France, colonels and general officers, ambassadors and consuls of France, presidents of the main courts, state councilors, bankers, etc.. Despite the fact that it could appear indigestible because of the many lists that it contained, the publication enjoyed a wide circulation with a readership consisting primarily of financiers, politicians, and all persons who had an interest in knowing the administrative organization of France. Although his edition is due to the initiative of a private publisher, included in the lists of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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