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Caspian Cobra
The Caspian cobra (''Naja oxiana''), also called the Central Asian cobra, ladle snake, Oxus cobra, or Russian cobra, is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is endemic to Central Asia. Described by Karl Eichwald in 1831, it was for many years considered a subspecies of the Indian cobra until genetic analysis revealed it to be a distinct species. Taxonomy Baltic German naturalist Karl Eichwald described the Caspian cobra originally as ''Tomyris oxiana'' in 1831. Russian naturalist Alexander Strauch placed it in the genus ''Naja'' in 1868. The generic name ''naja'' is a Latinisation of the Sanskrit word () meaning "cobra". The specific epithet ''oxiana'' is derived from the word in Latin or () in Greek, and refers to the ancient name of the river Amu Darya which flows along Afghanistan`s northern border separating it from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan before turning northwest into Turkmenistan and flows from there into the southern remnants of the Aral Sea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karl Eichwald
Karl Eduard von Eichwald (russian: Эдуард Иванович Эйхвальд, ''Eduard Ivanovich Eykhvald''; 4 July 1795, in Mitau, Courland Governorate – 10 November 1876, in Saint Petersburg) was a Baltic German geologist, physician, and Natural history, naturalist, who worked in Russian Empire, Russia. Career Eichwald was a Baltic German born at Mitau in Courland Governorate. He became a doctor of medicine and professor of zoology in Kazan in 1823; four years later professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at Vilnius; in 1838 professor of zoology, mineralogy and medicine at St. Petersburg; and finally, professor of palaeontology in the institute of mining, mines in that city. He travelled much in the Russian Empire, and was a keen observer of its natural history and geology. He died at St. Petersburg. Eichwald was a supporter of Darwinism. Works His published works include ''Reise auf dem Caspischen Meere und in den Caucasus'', 2 vols. (Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1834 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan (, ; uz, Ozbekiston, italic=yes / , ; russian: Узбекистан), officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( uz, Ozbekiston Respublikasi, italic=yes / ; russian: Республика Узбекистан), is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia. It is surrounded by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast; Afghanistan to the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest. Its capital and largest city is Tashkent. Uzbekistan is part of the Turkic world, as well as a member of the Organization of Turkic States. The Uzbek language is the majority-spoken language in Uzbekistan, while Russian is widely spoken and understood throughout the country. Tajik is also spoken as a minority language, predominantly in Samarkand and Bukhara. Islam is the predominant religion in Uzbekistan, most Uzbeks being Sunni Muslims. The first recorded settlers in what is now Uzbekistan were Eastern Iranian no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naja Oxiana
The Caspian cobra (''Naja oxiana''), also called the Central Asian cobra, ladle snake, Oxus cobra, or Russian cobra, is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is endemic to Central Asia. Described by Karl Eichwald in 1831, it was for many years considered a subspecies of the Indian cobra until genetic analysis revealed it to be a distinct species. Taxonomy Baltic German naturalist Karl Eichwald described the Caspian cobra originally as ''Tomyris oxiana'' in 1831. Russian naturalist Alexander Strauch placed it in the genus ''Naja'' in 1868. The generic name ''naja'' is a Latinisation of the Sanskrit word () meaning "cobra". The specific epithet ''oxiana'' is derived from the word in Latin or () in Greek, and refers to the ancient name of the river Amu Darya which flows along Afghanistan`s northern border separating it from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan before turning northwest into Turkmenistan and flows from there into the southern remnants of the Aral Sea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naja Sagittifera
The Andaman cobra (''Naja sagittifera'') is a species of cobra endemic to the Andaman Islands of India. The name of this cobra comes from the Islands itself. The species has a very potent venom, and is capable of “spitting”, although this defensive behavior is very rare and the aim is poor and not as efficient as “true spitting cobras”. Taxonomy ''Naja sagittifera'' is classified under the genus ''Naja'' of the family Elapidae. It was first described by Frank Wall, a British physician and herpetologist in 1913. The generic name ''Naja'' is a Latinization of the Sanskrit word ' (), meaning "cobra”. The specific epithet ''sagittifera'' is Latin and means “arrow-bearing” or “carrying arrows”. The Caspian cobra (''Naja oxiana'') and Monocled cobra (''Naja kaouthia'') have been demonstrated to be sister clades to ''Naja sagittifera''. Noticeably, despite population separation caused by the Hindu Kush mountains, ''N. oxiana'' demonstrates a single evolutionary linea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naja Atra
The Chinese cobra (''Naja atra''), also called the Taiwan cobra, is a species of cobra in the family Elapidae, found mostly in southern China and a couple of neighboring nations and islands. It is one of the most prevalent venomous snakes in China and Taiwan, which has caused many snakebite incidents to humans. Etymology and names ''Naja atra'' was first described by Danes, Danish physician, zoologist, and botanist Theodore Edward Cantor in 1842. The genus, generic name ''naja'' is a Latinisation of the Sanskrit word () meaning "cobra". The species, specific epithet ''atra'' comes from the Latin term ''ater'', which means "dark", "black", or "gloomy". In Mandarin Chinese, the snake is known as ''Zhōnghuá yǎnjìngshé'' (Simplified Chinese characters, simplified: 中华眼镜蛇, Traditional Chinese characters, traditional: 中華眼鏡蛇, lit. "Chinese spectacled snake", i.e. Chinese cobra), ''Zhōushān yǎnjìngshé'' (舟山眼鏡蛇, lit. "Zhoushan spectacled snake" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naja Kaouthia
The monocled cobra (''Naja kaouthia''), also called monocellate cobra and Indian spitting cobra, is a venomous cobra species widespread across South and Southeast Asia and listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. Taxonomy The scientific name ''Naja kaouthia'' was proposed by René Lesson in 1831, when he described the monocled cobra as a beautiful snake that is distinct from the spectacled cobra, with 188 ventral scales and 53 pairs of caudal scales. Since then, several monocled cobras were described under different scientific names: * In 1834, John Edward Gray published Thomas Hardwicke's first illustration of a monocled cobra under the trinomial ''Naja tripudians'' var. ''fasciata''. * In 1839, Theodore Edward Cantor described a brownish monocled cobra with numerous faint yellow transverse stripes and a hood marked with a white ring under the binomial ''Naja larvata'', found in Bombay, Calcutta, and Assam. Several varieties of monocled cobras were described under the b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naja Naja
The Indian cobra (''Naja naja''), also known as the spectacled cobra, Asian cobra, or binocellate cobra, is a species of cobra found in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan, and a member of the "big four" species that are responsible for the most snakebite cases in India. It is distinct from the king cobra which belongs to the monotypic genus ''Ophiophagus''. The Indian cobra is revered in Hindu mythology and culture, and is often seen with snake charmers. It is a protected species under the '' Indian Wildlife Protection Act'' (1972). Taxonomy The generic name and the specific epithet ''naja'' is a Latinisation of the Sanskrit word () meaning "cobra". The Indian cobra is classified under the genus ''Naja'' of the family Elapidae. The genus was first described by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in 1768. The species ''Naja naja'' was first described by the Swedish physician, zoologist, and botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1758. The genus ''Naja'' was split into s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hindu Kush
The Hindu Kush is an mountain range in Central and South Asia to the west of the Himalayas. It stretches from central and western Afghanistan, Quote: "The Hindu Kush mountains run along the Afghan border with the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan". into northwestern Pakistan and far southeastern Tajikistan. The range forms the western section of the ''Hindu Kush Himalayan Region'' (''HKH''); to the north, near its northeastern end, the Hindu Kush buttresses the Pamir Mountains near the point where the borders of China, Pakistan and Afghanistan meet, after which it runs southwest through Pakistan and into Afghanistan near their border. The eastern end of the Hindu Kush in the north merges with the Karakoram Range.Karakoram Range: MOUNTAINS, ASIA Encyclopædia Britannica Towards its s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andaman Cobra
The Andaman cobra (''Naja sagittifera'') is a species of cobra endemic to the Andaman Islands of India. The name of this cobra comes from the Islands itself. The species has a very potent venom, and is capable of “spitting”, although this defensive behavior is very rare and the aim is poor and not as efficient as “true spitting cobras”. Taxonomy ''Naja sagittifera'' is classified under the genus ''Naja'' of the family Elapidae. It was first described by Frank Wall, a British physician and herpetologist in 1913. The generic name ''Naja'' is a Latinization of the Sanskrit word ' (), meaning "cobra”. The specific epithet ''sagittifera'' is Latin and means “arrow-bearing” or “carrying arrows”. The Caspian cobra (''Naja oxiana'') and Monocled cobra (''Naja kaouthia'') have been demonstrated to be sister clades to ''Naja sagittifera''. Noticeably, despite population separation caused by the Hindu Kush mountains, ''N. oxiana'' demonstrates a single evolutionary line ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monocled Cobra
The monocled cobra (''Naja kaouthia''), also called monocellate cobra and Indian spitting cobra, is a venomous cobra species widespread across South and Southeast Asia and listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. Taxonomy The scientific name ''Naja kaouthia'' was proposed by René Lesson in 1831, when he described the monocled cobra as a beautiful snake that is distinct from the spectacled cobra, with 188 ventral scales and 53 pairs of caudal scales. Since then, several monocled cobras were described under different scientific names: * In 1834, John Edward Gray published Thomas Hardwicke's first illustration of a monocled cobra under the trinomial ''Naja tripudians'' var. ''fasciata''. * In 1839, Theodore Edward Cantor described a brownish monocled cobra with numerous faint yellow transverse stripes and a hood marked with a white ring under the binomial ''Naja larvata'', found in Bombay, Calcutta, and Assam. Several varieties of monocled cobras were described under the b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA is only a small portion of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell; most of the DNA can be found in the cell nucleus and, in plants and algae, also in plastids such as chloroplasts. Human mitochondrial DNA was the first significant part of the human genome to be sequenced. This sequencing revealed that the human mtDNA includes 16,569 base pairs and encodes 13 proteins. Since animal mtDNA evolves faster than nuclear genetic markers, it represents a mainstay of phylogenetics and evolutionary biology. It also permits an examination of the relatedness of populations, and so has become important in anthropology and biogeography. Origin Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA are thought to be of separate evolutionary origin, with the mtDNA being derived ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transoxiana
Transoxiana or Transoxania (Land beyond the Oxus) is the Latin name for a region and civilization located in lower Central Asia roughly corresponding to modern-day eastern Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, parts of southern Kazakhstan, parts of Turkmenistan and southern Kyrgyzstan. Geographically, it is the region between the rivers Amu Darya to its south and the Syr Darya to its north. Historically known in Persian as ( fa, فرارود, – 'beyond the muriver'), ( tg, Фарорӯд) and ( tg, Варазрӯд), the area had been known to the ancient Iranians as Turan, a term used in the Persian national epic ''Shahnameh''. The corresponding Chinese term for the region is ''Hezhong'' (). The Arabic term ( ar, ما وراء النهر, – 'what is beyond the ayhūnriver') passed into Persian literary usage and stayed on until post-Mongol times. The region was one of the satrapies (provinces) of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia under the name Sogdia. It was defined wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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