Calvisius Rufus

	Calvisius Rufus Calvisius Rufus was a governor of Britannia Inferior, a province of Roman Britain during the reign of Severus Alexander (AD 222 and 235). It is unclear whether his governorship precedes or succeeds those of Claudius Apellinus and Valerius Crescens Fulvianus. Little else is known of him, although an inscription records his remodeling of a building at Old Penrith.Anthony Birley, ''The Fasti of Roman Britain'', (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), pp. 193f References {{DEFAULTSORT:Calvisius Rufus Roman governors of Britain Ancient Romans in Britain 3rd-century Romans Rufus Rufus is a masculine given name, a surname, an Ancient Roman cognomen and a nickname (from Latin ''rufus'', "red"). Notable people with the name include: Given name Politicians * Rufus Ada George (born 1940), Nigerian politician * Rufus Al ... ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Britannia Inferior Britannia Inferior (Latin for "Lower Britain") was a new province carved out of Roman Britain probably around AD 197 during the reforms of Septimius Severus although the division may have occurred later, between 211 and 220, under Caracalla. The removal of the governors in Londinium from control over the legions guarding Hadrian's Wall was aimed at reducing their power, given Clodius Albinus's recent bid to become emperor. The province was probably formalised around 214 by Severus's son Caracalla. Including most of modern northern England and the Midlands, the region was governed from the city of Eboracum (modern York) by a praetorian legate in command of a single legion stationed in the city. This subdivision of Britannia lasted throughout the Severan dynasty until the reorganisation of the empire under Diocletian in 296. Establishment During the reign of Commodus, the defences along the northern border of the empire in Britannia fell into neglect and disrepair. The pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Roman Britain Roman Britain was the period in classical antiquity when large parts of the island of Great Britain were under occupation by the Roman Empire. The occupation lasted from AD 43 to AD 410. During that time, the territory conquered was raised to the status of a Roman province. Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 and 54 BC as part of his Gallic Wars. According to Caesar, the Britons had been overrun or culturally assimilated by other Celtic tribes during the British Iron Age and had been aiding Caesar's enemies. He received tribute, installed the friendly king Mandubracius over the Trinovantes, and returned to Gaul. Planned invasions under Augustus were called off in 34, 27, and 25 BC. In 40 AD, Caligula assembled 200,000 men at the Channel on the continent, only to have them gather seashells ('' musculi'') according to Suetonius, perhaps as a symbolic gesture to proclaim Caligula's victory over the sea. Three years later, Claudius directed four legi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Severus Alexander Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (1 October 208 – 21/22 March 235) was a Roman emperor, who reigned from 222 until 235. He was the last emperor from the Severan dynasty. He succeeded his slain cousin Elagabalus in 222. Alexander himself was eventually assassinated, and his death marked the beginning of the events of the Crisis of the Third Century, which included nearly fifty years of civil war, foreign invasion, and the collapse of the monetary economy. Alexander was the heir to his cousin, the 18-year-old Emperor Elagabalus. The latter had been murdered along with his mother Julia Soaemias by his own guards, who, as a mark of contempt, had their remains cast into the Tiber river. Alexander and his cousin were both grandsons of Julia Maesa, the sister of empress Julia Domna, who had arranged for Elagabalus's acclamation as emperor by the Third Gallic Legion. Alexander's 13-year reign was the longest reign of a sole emperor since Antoninus Pius. He was also the second-young ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Claudius Apellinus Claudius Apellinus was a governor of Britannia Inferior, a province of Roman Britain during the reign of Severus Alexander (AD 222 and 235). It is unclear whether his governorship precedes or succeeds those of Calvisius Rufus and Valerius Crescens Fulvianus. Apellinus is known through an inscription marking the repair of a ballistarium at Bremenium, today High Rochester, Northumberland. Edmund Groag first suggested that this official was related to the Claudii Apellini of Perge in Pamphylia. Anthony Birley Anthony Richard Birley (8 October 1937 – 19 December 2020) was a British ancient historian, archaeologist and academic. He was the son of Margaret Isabel (Goodlet) and historian and archaeologist Eric Birley. Early life and education Anthony ... notes that it is curious that Apellinus is known as ''leg. Augg. pr. pr.'', and speculates whether ''Aug.'' was amended to ''Augg.'' (the plural form) to indicate that Apellinus had become the legate of Maximinus and his son Maxim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Valerius Crescens Fulvianus Valerius Crescens Fulvianus was a governor of Britannia Inferior, a province of Roman Britain, during the reign of Severus Alexander (AD 222 and 235). It is unclear whether his governorship precedes or succeeds those of Calvisius Rufus and Claudius Apellinus. Little else is known of him although an inscription does record him restoring a temple at Bremetennacum (Ribchester). CIL 7.222 = RIB In vertebrate anatomy, ribs ( la, costae) are the long curved bones which form the rib cage, part of the axial skeleton. In most tetrapods, ribs surround the chest, enabling the lungs to expand and thus facilitate breathing by expanding the ches ... 587 References {{DEFAULTSORT:Fulvianus, Valerius Crescens Roman governors of Britain Ancient Romans in Britain 3rd-century Romans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Old Penrith Penrith (, , ) is a market town and civil parish in the county of Cumbria, England, about south of Carlisle. It is less than outside the Lake District National Park, in between the Rivers Petteril and Eamont and just north of the River Lowther. It had a population of 15,181 at the 2011 Census. Historically in Cumberland, Penrith's current local authorities are the Eden District Council, which is based in the town, and Cumbria County Council. In 2023, Penrith will become part of the Westmorland and Furness unitary authority area. From 1974 to 2015, it was an unparished area with no local council. A civil parish was reintroduced as Penrith Town Council and first elected on 7 May 2015. Toponymy The etymology of "Penrith" has been debated. Several writers argue for the Cumbric or Welsh "head, chief, end" (both noun and adjective) with the Cumbric , Welsh "ford", to mean "chief ford", "hill ford", "ford end", or Whaley's suggestion: "the head of the ford" or "headland by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]