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Cai–Long Languages
The Cai–Long () or Ta–Li languages are a group of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in western Guizhou, China. Only Caijia is still spoken, while Longjia and Luren are extinct.Hölzl, Andreas. 2021Longjia (China) - Language Contexts ''Language Documentation and Description'' 20, 13-34. The branch was first recognized by Chinese researchers in the 1980s, with the term ''Cai–Long'' () first mentioned in Guizhou (1982: 43).GMSWSB 1982 = Guizhousheng minzu shiwu weiyuanhui shibie bangongshi 贵州省民族事务委员会识别办公室. Guizhou minzu shibie ziliaoji 贵州民族识别资料集, vol. 8, longjia, caijia 龙家，蔡家. Guiyang. (Unpublished manuscript.) The languages are unclassified within Sino-Tibetan, and could be Sinitic or Tibeto-Burman. Languages The Cai–Long languages are: * Caijia * Longjia (extinct) * Luren (extinct) Lexical innovations Hölzl (2021) proposes the name ''Ta–Li'' as a portmanteau of the two lexical innovations ‘two’ and ‘pig’ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guizhou
Guizhou (; formerly Kweichow) is a landlocked province in the southwest region of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Guiyang, in the center of the province. Guizhou borders the autonomous region of Guangxi to the south, Yunnan to the west, Sichuan to the northwest, the municipality of Chongqing to the north, and Hunan to the east. The population of Guizhou stands at 38.5 million, ranking 18th among the provinces in China. The Dian Kingdom, which inhabited the present-day area of Guizhou, was annexed by the Han dynasty in 106 BC. Guizhou was formally made a province in 1413 during the Ming dynasty. After the overthrow of the Qing in 1911 and following the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese Communist Party took refuge in Guizhou during the Long March between 1934 and 1935. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong promoted the relocation of heavy industry into inland provinces such as Guizhou, to better protect them fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People's Republic Of China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, the most of any country in the world, tied with Russia. Covering an area of approximately , it is the world's third largest country by total land area. The country consists of 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions (Hong Kong and Macau). The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai. Modern Chinese trace their origins to a cradle of civilization in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. The semi-legendary Xia dynasty in the 21st century BCE and the well-attested Shang and Zhou dynasties developed a bureaucratic political system to serve hereditary monarchies, or dyna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sinitic Languages
The Sinitic languages (漢語族/汉语族), often synonymous with "Chinese languages", are a group of East Asian analytic languages that constitute the major branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is frequently proposed that there is a primary split between the Sinitic languages and the rest of the family (the Tibeto-Burman languages). This view is rejected by a number of researchers but has found phylogenetic support among others. The Greater Bai languages, whose classification is difficult, may be an offshoot of Old Chinese and thus Sinitic; otherwise Sinitic is defined only by the many varieties of Chinese unified by a common writing system, and usage of the term "Sinitic" may reflect the linguistic view that Chinese constitutes a family of distinct languages, rather than variants of a single language. Population The total speakers of the Chinese macrolanguage is 1,521,943,700, of which about 73.5% (1,118,584,040) speak a Mandarin variety. The estimated number of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tibeto-Burman Languages
The Tibeto-Burman languages are the non-Sinitic members of the Sino-Tibetan language family, over 400 of which are spoken throughout the Southeast Asian Massif ("Zomia") as well as parts of East Asia and South Asia. Around 60 million people speak Tibeto-Burman languages. The name derives from the most widely spoken of these languages, Burmese and the Tibetic languages, which also have extensive literary traditions, dating from the 12th and 7th centuries respectively. Most of the other languages are spoken by much smaller communities, and many of them have not been described in detail. Though the division of Sino-Tibetan into Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman branches (e.g. Benedict, Matisoff) is widely used, some historical linguists criticize this classification, as the non-Sinitic Sino-Tibetan languages lack any shared innovations in phonology or morphology to show that they comprise a clade of the phylogenetic tree. History During the 18th century, several scholars noticed parallels ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caijia Language
Caijia () is an endangered Sino-Tibetan language spoken in an area centred on Bijie, in the west of the Chinese province of Guizhou. It was first documented by Chinese researchers in the 1980s. It has been described by different authors as a relative of Bai or an early split from Old Chinese. The autonym is '. Classification Similarities among Old Chinese, Waxiang, Caijia, and Bai have been pointed out by Wu & Shen (2010) and others. Zhengzhang Shangfang (2010) argued that Bai and Caijia formed a Greater Bai subgroup of Sino-Tibetan. Caijia also appears to be related to the extinct Longjia and Luren languages,Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission 州省民族识别工作队 1984. ''Report on ethnic classification issues of the Nanlong people (Nanjing-Longjia)'' 龙人（南京-龙家）族别问题调查报告 m.s. but they are too poorly documented for definitive classification. In contrast, Sagart (2011) groups Caijia with Waxiang, a divergent Chine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Longjia Language
Longjia (autonym: ') is a Sino-Tibetan language of Guizhou, China related to Caijia and Luren.Hölzl, Andreas. 2021Longjia (China) - Language Contexts ''Language Documentation and Description'' 20, 13-34. Longjia may already be extinct (Zhao 2011). The Longjia people now speak Southwestern Mandarin, though they used to speak their own language, and have had a long presence in western Guizhou. According to the ''Guizhou Ethnic Gazetteer'' (2002),Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer 州省志. 民族志(2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House 州民族出版社 the Longjia language was spoken in Dafang County, Qianxi County (Zhongping District 中坪区; Xinfacun 新发村 of Pojiao District 坡脚区), and Puding County (Jiangyizhai 讲义寨 of Baiyan Township 白岩乡). It is reportedly most similar to Caijia, and has many Old Chinese loanwords.''Dafang County Almanac'' (1996:150-152) Classification Guizhou (1984) shows that Longjia is closely related ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luren Language
Lu, or Luren (卢人), is an extinct Sino-Tibetan language of Guizhou, China. The Luren language may have been extinct since the 1960s.Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer 州省志. 民族志(2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House 州民族出版社 Luren is closely related to Caijia and Longjia.Hölzl, Andreas. 2021Longjia (China) - Language Contexts ''Language Documentation and Description'' 20, 13-34. However, the classification of these languages within Sino-Tibetan is uncertain. Zhengzhang (2010) suggests that Caijia and Bai form a Greater Bai branch,Zhèngzhāng Shàngfāng 张尚芳 2010. Càijiāhuà Báiyǔ guānxì jí cígēn bǐjiào 家话白语关系及词根比较 In Pān Wǔyún and Shěn Zhōngwěi 悟云、沈钟伟(eds.). Yánjūzhī Lè, The Joy of Research 究之乐-庆祝王士元先生七十五寿辰学术论文集 II, 389–400. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House. while Sagart argues that Caijia and Wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sino-Tibetan Languages
Sino-Tibetan, also cited as Trans-Himalayan in a few sources, is a family of more than 400 languages, second only to Indo-European in number of native speakers. The vast majority of these are the 1.3 billion native speakers of Chinese languages. Other Sino-Tibetan languages with large numbers of speakers include Burmese (33 million) and the Tibetic languages (6 million). Other languages of the family are spoken in the Himalayas, the Southeast Asian Massif, and the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Most of these have small speech communities in remote mountain areas, and as such are poorly documented. Several low-level subgroups have been securely reconstructed, but reconstruction of a proto-language for the family as a whole is still at an early stage, so the higher-level structure of Sino-Tibetan remains unclear. Although the family is traditionally presented as divided into Sinitic (i.e. Chinese) and Tibeto-Burman branches, a common origin of the non-Sinitic languages has n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hezhang County
Hezhang () is a county in the northwest of Guizhou province, China, bordering Yunnan to the north. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Bijie. Ethnic groups The ''Hezhang County Gazetteer'' (2001:105-108) lists the following ethnic groups and their respective locations. *Bai: 3,856 persons (1995) ** Qixingmin (): located in Yongkang () and Shanmuqing (), Shuitangbao Township () ***Autonyms/Yi exonyms: Luoju (), Zhuoluoju () ***Historical names: Boren () and Baizi () ***Other names: Qixingmin () and Minjia () ***Surnames: Zhang (), Li (), Su (), Yang (), Zhao (), Xu (), Qian () ***Locations: ancestors from Sandaohe (), Weining County **Nanjingren () (Yi exonym: Awutu ) *Buyi: 2,939 persons (1995): in Nongchang Village (), Kele Township () (pop. 332) Ethnic Bai are also found in: *Sanjiazhai (), Kele Township () *Wopi (), Zexiong (), Songlinpo Township () Mining The county has large reserves of coal, iron, lead, zinc, and germanium. Mining had been and re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qianxi, Guizhou
Qianxi () is a county-level city of western Guizhou province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Bijie City. The county had a population of 970,700 in 2019. The area of Qianxi has been inhabited since prehistoric times, as evidenced by stone tools found in the Guanyin cave among others. Qianxi is also the home of Guizhou opera (Qianju). Geography and climate Qianxi ranges in latitude from 26° 45' to 27° 21' N and in longitude from 105° 47' to 106° 26' E, and straddles the middle reaches of the Wu River. It borders Xiuwen County to the east, Qingzhen and Zhijin County to the south, Dafang County to the west, north and northeast, and Jinsha County to the north. As measured from the county seat, the provincial capital Guiyang is away, while the prefectural seat, Qixingguan, is off. Due to its low latitude and elevation above , Qianxi has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Köppen is a German surname. Notable people with t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Unrecognized Ethnic Groups Of Guizhou
There are dozens of ethnic groups in Guizhou province of China that are not officially recognized. These ethnic groups and their languages include: * Caijia 蔡家 *Chuanlan 穿兰: over 300,000 people classified as Han, in Anshun Prefecture; many also speak Bouyei and Miao *Chuanqing 穿青: 500,000–1,000,000 people classified as Han, mostly in Zhijin and Nayong, but also in Dafang, Shuicheng, Guanling, Qingzhen, Puding, and Liuzhi counties of Guizhou; has some non-Chinese loanwords *Limin 里民: 50,000–100,000 people classified as Yi and sometimes as Li, in Liuzhi, Guanling, Pu'an, Xingren, Zhenning, and Anlong counties of western Guizhou; most have shifted to Southwestern Mandarin, with few Limin speakers remaining. Also in Qinglong (''Qinglong County Gazetteer 1993''). Wang (2011) has researched ethnic Limin villages including Fanhua Village 凡化村, Pogong Township 坡贡镇, Guanling County.Wang Xianjun 献军(2011)贵州“里民人”探寻./ref> *Liujia : 4,000 (1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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