|
COMPAS (software)
Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions (COMPAS) is a case management and decision support tool developed and owned by Northpointe (now Equivant) used by U.S. courts to assess the likelihood of a defendant becoming a recidivist. COMPAS has been used by the U.S. states of New York, Wisconsin, California, Florida's Broward County, and other jurisdictions. Risk assessment The COMPAS software uses an algorithm to assess potential recidivism risk. Northpointe created risk scales for general and violent recidivism, and for pretrial misconduct. According to the COMPAS Practitioner's Guide, the scales were designed using behavioral and psychological constructs "of very high relevance to recidivism and criminal careers." ; Pretrial release risk scale : Pretrial risk is a measure of the potential for an individual to fail to appear and/or to commit new felonies while on release. According to the research that informed the creation of the scale, "current c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legal Case Management
The terms legal case management (LCM), matter management or legal project management refer to a subset of law practice management and cover a range of approaches and technologies used by law firms and courts to leverage knowledge and methodologies for managing the life cycle of a case or matter more effectively.Legal Project Management: Control Costs, Meet Schedules, Manage Risks, and Maintain Sanity Steven B. Levy, DayPack Books (2009) Generally, the terms refer to the sophisticated information management and workflow practices that are tailored to meet the legal field's specific needs and requirements. As attorneys and law firms compete for clients they are routinely challenged to deliver services at lower costs with greate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law & Inequality
''Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality'', (formerly ''Law & Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice'') is a biannual peer-reviewed law journal edited by law students at University of Minnesota Law School The University of Minnesota Law School is the law school of the University of Minnesota, located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The school confers four law degrees: a Juris Doctor (J.D.), a Master of Laws (LL.M.), a Master of Science in Patent L .... It was established in 1981 to examine the social impact of law on disadvantaged people. In 2016, the journal launched its online companion site, ''Inequality Inquiry'' (formerly ''Sua Sponte''). The journal has been cited by federal and state courts, including: * United States v. Virginia. *State v. Janes. *Sayers by Sayers v. Beltrami County. *Isabellita S. v. John S. *Rio v. Rio. *Eastman v. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.Eastman v. Va. Polytechnic Institute and State University, 939 F.2d 204, 208 n.5 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Criminal Justice In The United States
In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority. The term ''crime'' does not, in modern criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition,Farmer, Lindsay: "Crime, definitions of", in Cane and Conoghan (editors), ''The New Oxford Companion to Law'', Oxford University Press, 2008 (), p. 263Google Books). though statutory definitions have been provided for certain purposes. The most popular view is that crime is a category created by law; in other words, something is a crime if declared as such by the relevant and applicable law. One proposed definition is that a crime or offence (or criminal offence) is an act harmful not only to some individual but also to a community, society, or the state ("a public wrong"). Such acts are forbidden and punishable by law. The notion that acts such as murder, rape, and theft are to be prohibited exists worldwide. What precisely is a criminal offence is defined by the criminal law of each r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Criminal Sentencing In The United States
In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority. The term ''crime'' does not, in modern criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition,Farmer, Lindsay: "Crime, definitions of", in Cane and Conoghan (editors), ''The New Oxford Companion to Law'', Oxford University Press, 2008 (), p. 263Google Books). though statutory definitions have been provided for certain purposes. The most popular view is that crime is a category created by law; in other words, something is a crime if declared as such by the relevant and applicable law. One proposed definition is that a crime or offence (or criminal offence) is an act harmful not only to some individual but also to a community, society, or the state ("a public wrong"). Such acts are forbidden and punishable by law. The notion that acts such as murder, rape, and theft are to be prohibited exists worldwide. What precisely is a criminal offence is defined by the criminal law of each r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Loomis V
Loomis may refer to: Places Canada *Loomis, Saskatchewan United States *Loomis, California *Loomis, Michigan *Loomis, Nebraska *Loomis, New York, a hamlet in Liberty, New York *Loomis, South Dakota *Loomis, Washington * Loomis, Wisconsin *Loomis Chaffee, a school in Windsor, Connecticut, originally known as The Loomis Institute * Loomis Museum, an historical homestead museum in California *Loomis station, a former train station and mansion in Washington *Loomis station (CTA Englewood branch), a former Chicago 'L' train station Structures *Loomis Homestead, Windsor, Connecticut *Capt. James Loomis House, Windsor, Connecticut * Loomis-Parry Residence, Augusta, Kansas *Fowler-Loomis House, Oswego County, New York *Robert and Mabel Loomis House, Hood River, Oregon People * See Loomis (surname) Television and film The surname Loomis has become something of a trope in horror films, with characters in the Psycho, Halloween, Scream and Dark Shadows films or franchises carrying the name. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legal Expert Systems
A legal expert system is a domain-specific expert system that uses artificial intelligence to emulate the decision-making abilities of a human expert in the field of law. Legal expert systems employ a rule base or knowledge base and an inference engine to accumulate, reference and produce expert knowledge on specific subjects within the legal domain. Purpose It has been suggested that legal expert systems could help to manage the rapid expansion of legal information and decisions that began to intensify in the late 1960s. Many of the first legal expert systems were created in the 1970s and 1980s. Lawyers were originally identified as primary target users of legal expert systems. Potential motivations for this work included: * speedier delivery of legal advice; * reduced time spent in repetitive, labour intensive legal tasks; * development of knowledge management techniques that were not dependent on staff; * reduced overhead and labour costs and higher profitability for l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Garbage In, Garbage Out
In computer science, garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) is the concept that flawed, or nonsense (garbage) input data produces nonsense output. Rubbish in, rubbish out (RIRO) is an alternate wording. The principle applies to all logical argumentation: soundness implies validity, but validity does not imply soundness. History The expression was popular in the early days of computing. The first known use is in a 1957 syndicated newspaper article about US Army mathematicians and their work with early computers, in which an Army Specialist named William D. Mellin explained that computers cannot think for themselves, and that "sloppily programmed" inputs inevitably lead to incorrect outputs. The underlying principle was noted by the inventor of the first programmable computing device design: More recently, the Marine Accident Investigation Branch comes to a similar conclusion: The term may have been derived from last-in, first-out (LIFO) or first-in, first-out (FIFO). Uses This p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algorithmic Bias
Algorithmic bias describes systematic and repeatable errors in a computer system that create "unfair" outcomes, such as "privileging" one category over another in ways different from the intended function of the algorithm. Bias can emerge from many factors, including but not limited to the design of the algorithm or the unintended or unanticipated use or decisions relating to the way data is coded, collected, selected or used to train the algorithm. For example, algorithmic bias has been observed in search engine results and social media platforms. This bias can have impacts ranging from inadvertent privacy violations to reinforcing social biases of race, gender, sexuality, and ethnicity. The study of algorithmic bias is most concerned with algorithms that reflect "systematic and unfair" discrimination. This bias has only recently been addressed in legal frameworks, such as the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (2018) and the proposed Artificial Intelligence A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Think Tank
A think tank, or policy institute, is a research institute that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, technology, and culture. Most think tanks are non-governmental organizations, but some are semi-autonomous agencies within government or are associated with particular political parties, businesses or the military. Think-tank funding often includes a combination of donations from very wealthy people and those not so wealthy, with many also accepting government grants. Think tanks publish articles and studies, and even draft legislation on particular matters of policy or society. This information is then used by governments, businesses, media organizations, social movements or other interest groups. Think tanks range from those associated with highly academic or scholarly activities to those that are overtly ideological and pushing for particular policies, with a wide range among them in terms of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Community Resources For Justice
Community Resources for Justice is a Massachusetts-based organization that has worked for over 130 years in social justice in issues like ex-offender re-entry, prison conditions, public safety, and crime prevention. CRJ was formed through the merger of several older organizations in the Boston and New England area, and while most of its work today is focused in the northeastern United States, CRJ is also engaged in work in other states around the nation. History Community Resources for Justice (CRJ) represents the long evolution of criminal justice organizations in Massachusetts. The oldest organization in CRJ's history, the New England Society for the Suppression of Vice (NESSV), began in 1878 and worked to create legislation that influence public morality and dissuade crime. The NESSV went through a number of name changes as it took on more goals: in 1891 it was renamed the New England Watch and Ward Society following its new focus on organized crime in the Boston area. In 195 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ProPublica
ProPublica (), legally Pro Publica, Inc., is a nonprofit organization based in New York City. In 2010, it became the first online news source to win a Pulitzer Prize, for a piece written by one of its journalists''The Guardian'', April 13, 2010Pulitzer progress for non-profit newsProPublicaPulitzer Prize in Investigative Reporting: Deadly Choices at Memorial and published in ''The New York Times Magazine''Sheri Fink, '' New York Times Magazine'', August 25, 2009The Deadly Choices at Memorial as well as on ProPublica.org.ProPublica, August 27, 2009The Deadly Choices at Memorial ProPublica states that its investigations are conducted by its staff of full-time investigative reporters, and the resulting stories are distributed to news partners for publication or broadcast. In some cases, reporters from both ProPublica and its partners work together on a story. ProPublica has partnered with more than 90 different news organizations, and it has won six Pulitzer Prizes. History ProPub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julia Angwin
Julia Angwin is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American investigative journalist, New York Times bestselling author, and entrepreneur. She is co-founder and editor-in-chief of The Markup, a nonprofit newsroom that investigates the impact of technology on society. She was a senior reporter at ''ProPublica'' from 2014 to April 2018 and staff reporter at the New York bureau of ''The Wall Street Journal'' from 2000 to 2013. Angwin is author of non-fiction books, ''Stealing MySpace: The Battle to Control the Most Popular Website in America'' (2009) and '' Dragnet Nation'' (2014). She is a winner and two-time finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in journalism. Early life and education Julia Angwin was born in Champaign, Illinois, to university professor parents who moved to Silicon Valley in 1974 to work in the emerging personal computer industry. She grew up in Palo Alto, where she learned to code in the 5th grade. During summers, she worked at the Hewlett-Packard Demo Center in Cupertino. Ang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
