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CA Foundation Course
The CA Foundation Course is the entrance level for the chartered accountancy course offered by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI). Earlier, it was known as the Common Proficiency Test. CA Foundation contains 5 series of papers. The CA Foundation exam replaced the CA-CPT exam and now is conducted by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) twice a year. After the CA Foundation exam, students need to complete the Intermediate and Final levels as well to become a chartered accountant Eligibility The candidate can register for CA Foundation after passing the secondary school examinations (Class-X) and appear in the foundation exam after qualifying for the 12th examinations. ICAI has allowed provisional registration for 10th class passed students. Test model CA Foundation is a partially subjective and a partially objective test comprising the following four papers: # Principles and Practice of Accounting # Business Laws and Business Corres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Institute Of Chartered Accountants Of India
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) is India's largest professional accounting body under the administrative control of Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India. It was established on 1 July 1949 as a statutory body under the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 enacted by the Parliament for promotion, development and regulation of the profession of Chartered Accountancy in India. In India, accounting standards and auditing standards are recommended by the National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA) to the Government of India which sets the Standards on Auditing (SAs) to be followed in the audit of financial statements in India. The other reputed accounting research bodies in India are the Institute of Cost Accountants of India ( ICMAI) and University of Delhi, University of Calicut and University of Mumbai. Members of the Institute are known as ''ICAI Chartered Accountants'' or ''ICAI Accountants'' (either Fellow or Associate). However, the word cha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Common Proficiency Test
The CPT or Common Proficiency Test was the first level of Chartered Accountancy examinations in India which has been changed to CA Foundation according to ICAI's revised scheme. Eligibility A person can register for CPT after completing Grade 10 and take the exam after completing High School (Grade 12) and complete graduation for commerce Test model It is an objective type examination and consists of 200 multiple choice questions. CPT covers four basic subjects divided into two sections viz. 1.Accounting (60 Marks) + Mercantile Laws (40 Marks) 2.Economics (50 Marks) + Quantitative Aptitude (50 Marks) Every incorrect answer on the CPT exam carries a 0.25 negative mark. A candidate is required to secure a minimum of 30 per cent marks in each Section and a minimum of 50 per cent marks in aggregate, in all the four Sections to pass the Common Proficiency Test. Exam dates CPT exams are held in June and December Result Dates [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CA Intermediate Course
CA Intermediate is the second level exam, of a course in India, Chartered Accountancy. It has eight subjects and over 7000 pages of study material that a student is expected to cover in the nine months study period allotted to them. The group system is what makes this exam even more difficult, as a group consists of four subjects, and a candidate has to pass all four papers in order to clear the group. Failure to pass in one subject immediately results in the failure of the entire group, which would mean that the student fails in the subjects in which he has passed. It is to be noted that the average passing percentage up to the year 2020 has been 16.76% only, which means only 4 out of every 25 students appearing for the exam manage to pass it. That being said, the least passing percentage was just 8.88% in the attempt of November 2018 Chartered Accountancy Course in India. Eligibility Students after clearing the Common Proficiency Test (CPT) or CA Foundation Course become eli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Accounting
Accounting, also known as accountancy, is the measurement, processing, and communication of financial and non financial information about economic entities such as businesses and corporations. Accounting, which has been called the "language of business", measures the results of an organization's economic activities and conveys this information to a variety of stakeholders, including investors, creditors, management, and regulators. Practitioners of accounting are known as accountants. The terms "accounting" and "financial reporting" are often used as synonyms. Accounting can be divided into several fields including financial accounting, management accounting, tax accounting and cost accounting. Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of an organization's financial information, including the preparation of financial statements, to the external users of the information, such as investors, regulators and suppliers; and management accounting focuses on the measurement ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Business Correspondence
Business correspondence means the exchange of information in a written format for the process of business activities. Business correspondence can take place between organizations, within organizations or between the customers and the organization. The correspondence refers to the written communication between persons. Hence oral communication or face to face communication is not a business correspondence. Need for written communication # Maintaining a proper relationship. # Serves as evidence or as historical record of a business activities. # Create and maintain Good faith, goodwill. # Inexpensive and convenient. # Formal communication. # Independent of interpersonal skills. Types of correspondence Business letters Business letters are the most formal method of communication following specific formats. They are addressed to a particular person or organization. A good business letter follows the seven C's of communication. The different types of business letters used based on their ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Business Reporting
Business reporting or enterprise reporting refers to both "the public reporting of operating and financial data by a business enterprise," and "the regular provision of information to decision-makers within an organization to support them in their work." It is a fundamental part of the larger movement towards improved business intelligence and knowledge management. Implementation often involves extract, transform, and load (ETL) procedures in coordination with a data warehouse and then using one or more reporting tools. Reports can be distributed in print form, via email or accessed via a corporate intranet. With the expansion of information technology there has been an increase in the production of unified reports which join different views of an organization in one place. This reporting process involves querying data sources with different logical models to produce a human-readable report. For example, a decision maker may need to query a human resources databases and a capita ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Business Mathematics
Business mathematics are mathematics used by commercial enterprises to record and manage business operations. Commercial organizations use mathematics in accounting, inventory management, marketing, sales forecasting, and financial analysis. J. Olivier (2021)Business Math: A Step-by-Step Handbook Lyryx Learning (open textbook) Mathematics typically used in commerce includes elementary arithmetic, elementary algebra, statistics and probability. For some management problems, more advanced mathematics - calculus, matrix algebra, and linear programming - may be applied. High school ''Business mathematics,'' sometimes called ''commercial math'' or ''consumer math'', is a group of practical subjects used in commerce and everyday life. In schools, these subjects are often taught to students who are not planning a university education. In the United States, they are typically offered in high schools and in schools that grant associate's degrees; elsewhere they may be included under bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Logical Reasoning
Two kinds of logical reasoning are often distinguished in addition to formal deduction: induction and abduction. Given a precondition or ''premise'', a conclusion or ''logical consequence'' and a rule or ''material conditional'' that implies the ''conclusion'' given the ''precondition'', one can explain the following. # Deductive reasoning determines whether the truth of a ''conclusion'' can be determined for that ''rule'', based solely on the truth of the premises. Example: "When it rains, things outside get wet. The grass is outside, therefore: when it rains, the grass gets wet." Mathematical logic and philosophical logic are commonly associated with this type of reasoning. # Inductive reasoning attempts to support a determination of the ''rule''. It hypothesizes a ''rule'' after numerous examples are taken to be a ''conclusion'' that follows from a ''precondition'' in terms of such a ''rule''. Example: "The grass got wet numerous times when it rained, therefore: the grass alway ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Statistics
Statistics (from German language, German: ''wikt:Statistik#German, Statistik'', "description of a State (polity), state, a country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model to be studied. Populations can be diverse groups of people or objects such as "all people living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal". Statistics deals with every aspect of data, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of statistical survey, surveys and experimental design, experiments.Dodge, Y. (2006) ''The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms'', Oxford University Press. When census data cannot be collected, statisticians collect data by developing specific experiment designs and survey sample (statistics), samples. Representative sampling as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Business Economics
Business economics is a field in applied economics which uses economic theory and quantitative methods to analyze business enterprises and the factors contributing to the diversity of organizational structures and the relationships of firms with labour, capital and product markets.Moschandreas, Maria (2000). ''Business Economics'', 2nd Edition, Thompson Learning,Descriptionand chapter-previelinks A professional focus of the journal ''Business Economics'' has been expressed as providing "practical information for people who apply economics in their jobs." Business economics is an integral part of traditional economics and is an extension of economic concepts to the real business situations. It is an applied science in the sense of a tool of managerial decision-making and forward planning by management. In other words, business economics is concerned with the application of economic theory to business management. Business economics is based on microeconomics in two categories: posit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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