|
Reparations
Reparation(s) may refer to: Christianity * Restitution (theology), the Christian doctrine calling for reparation * Acts of reparation, prayers for repairing the damages of sin History * War reparations ** World War I reparations, made from Germany due to the signing of the Treaty of Versailles *Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany, Holocaust reparations Law * Reparation (legal), the legal philosophy * Reparations (transitional justice), measures taken by the state to redress gross and systematic violations of human rights law or humanitarian law * Reparations for slavery, proposed compensation for the Atlantic slave trade, to assist the descendants of enslaved peoples ** Reparations for slavery in the United States Reparations for slavery is the application of the concept of reparations to victims of slavery or their descendants. There are concepts for reparations in legal philosophy and reparations in transitional justice. In the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reparations For Slavery In The United States
Reparations for slavery is the application of the concept of reparations to victims of slavery or their descendants. There are concepts for reparations in legal philosophy and reparations in transitional justice. In the US, reparations for slavery have been both given by legal ruling in court and/or given voluntarily (without court rulings) by individuals and institutions. The first recorded case of reparations for slavery in the United States was to former slave Belinda Royall in 1783, in the form of a pension, and since then reparations continue to be proposed and/or given in a variety of forms. The 1865 Special Field Orders No. 15 ("Forty acres and a mule") is the most well known attempt to help newly freed slaves integrate into society and accumulate wealth. However, President Andrew Johnson reversed this order, giving the land back to its former Confederate owners. Reparations have been a recurring idea in the politics of the United States, most recently in the 2020 Democ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reparations For Slavery
Reparations for slavery is the application of the concept of reparations to victims of slavery and/or their descendants. There are concepts for reparations in legal philosophy and reparations in transitional justice. Reparations can take numerous forms, including: affirmative action, individual monetary payments, settlements, scholarships, waiving of fees, and systemic initiatives to offset injustices, land-based compensation related to independence, apologies and acknowledgements of the injustices, token measures, such as naming a building after someone, or the removal of monuments and renaming of streets that honor slave owners and defenders of slavery. There are instances of reparations for slavery, relating to the Atlantic slave trade, dating back to at least 1783 in North America, with a growing list of modern day examples of reparations for slavery in the United States in 2020 as the call for reparations in the US has been bolstered by protests around police brutality an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reparations Agreement Between Israel And The Federal Republic Of Germany
The Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany (German: ''Luxemburger Abkommen'' "Luxembourg Agreement" or ''Wiedergutmachungsabkommen'' "''Wiedergutmachung'' Agreement", Hebrew: ''הסכם השילומים'' ''Heskem HaShillumim'' "Reparations Agreement") was signed on September 10, 1952, and entered in force on March 27, 1953.Honig, F.: The Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany', ''American Journal of International Law 48(4)'', October 1954. URL last accessed 2006-12-13. According to the Agreement, West Germany was to pay Israel for the costs of "resettling so great a number of uprooted and destitute Jewish refugees" after the war, and to compensate individual Jews, via the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, for losses in Jewish livelihood and property resulting from Nazi persecution. History In 1952, the first Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion argued that the reparation demand was based ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War I Reparations
Following the ratification of article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles at the conclusion of World War I, the Central Powers were made to give war reparations to the Allied Powers. Each of the defeated powers was required to make payments in either cash or kind. Because of the financial situation in Austria, Hungary, and Turkey after the war, few to no reparations were paid and the requirements for reparations were cancelled. Bulgaria, having paid only a fraction of what was required, saw its reparation figure reduced and then cancelled. Historians have recognized the German requirement to pay reparations as the "chief battleground of the post-war era" and "the focus of the power struggle between France and Germany over whether the Versailles Treaty was to be enforced or revised." The Treaty of Versailles (signed in 1919) and the 1921 London Schedule of Payments required Germany to pay 132 billion gold marks ll values are contemporary, unless otherwise stated in reparations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reparations (website)
''Reparations'' is an American website which was launched by Seattle-based artist Natasha Marin in order to allow people with privilege to leverage what they can in order to help people of color. Marin has stated that the website is not about reparations for slavery, which Black Lives Matter has called for as part of its platform; Marin's website is an avenue for people to respond to modern racial turmoil in the United States. History In July 2016, Seattle-based artist Natasha Marin launched a social experiment as a Facebook event page. Three days later, the project went viral, gaining international coverage in the Washington Post, LA Times and The Guardian, and expanded to include a website. Framed as a conceptual art project, it was a forum for People of Color to post immaterial or material requests that would improve their lives, and for people of privilege and people who identify as White to offer them contributions and services. A social experiment that was never about ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reparations (transitional Justice)
Reparations are broadly understood as compensation given for an abuse or injury. The colloquial meaning of reparations has changed substantively over the last century. In the early 1900s, reparations were interstate exchanges (see war reparations) that were punitive mechanisms determined by treaty and paid by the surrendering side of conflict, such as the World War I reparations paid by Germany and its allies. Reparations are now understood as not only war damages but also compensation and other measures provided to victims of severe human rights violations by the parties responsible. The right of the victim of an injury to receive reparations and the duty of the part responsible to provide them has been secured by the United Nations. In transitional justice, reparations are measures taken by the state to redress gross and systematic violations of human rights law or humanitarian law through the administration of some form of compensation or restitution to the victims. Of all the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
War Reparations
War reparations are compensation payments made after a war by one side to the other. They are intended to cover damage or injury inflicted during a war. History Making one party pay a war indemnity is a common practice with a long history. Rome imposed large indemnities on Carthage after the First (Treaty of Lutatius) and Second Punic Wars. Some war reparations induced changes in monetary policy. For example, the French payment following the Franco-Prussian war played a major role in Germany's decision to adopt the gold standard; the 230 million silver taels in reparations imposed on defeated China after the First Sino-Japanese War led Japan to a similar decision. There have been attempts to codify reparations both in the Statutes of the International Criminal Court and the UN Basic Principles on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims, and some scholars have argued that individuals should have a right to seek compensation for wrongs they sustained during warfare ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reparation (legal)
In jurisprudence, reparation is replenishment of a previously inflicted loss by the criminal to the victim. Monetary restitution is a common form of reparation. Background In the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, reparation include the following forms: restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition, whereby * Satisfaction should include, where applicable, any or all of the following: .. ** (e) Public apology, including acknowledgement of the facts and acceptance of responsibility; ** (g) Commemorations and tributes to the victims; ** (h) Inclusion of an accurate account of the violations that occurred in international human rights law and international humanitarian law training and in educational material at all levels. * 23. Guarantees of non-repetition should include ** ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reparation (album)
''Reparation'' is an album by musician A musician is a person who composes, conducts, or performs music. According to the United States Employment Service, "musician" is a general term used to designate one who follows music as a profession. Musicians include songwriters who wri ... Eddy Grant. The title of this album is a call for restitution for the transatlantic slave trade. Track listing #"Concern Number One" – 4:14 #"Everything Irie" – 3:56 #"Everybody Rappin'" – 3:33 #"(Gotta Be) Positive" – 3:40 #"The Struggle" – 4:10 #"Reparation" – 4:26 #"Ringbang Man" – 4:03 #"Tit for Tat" – 4:45 #"Long Night" – 4:35 #"Going Back Deh" – 4:33 #"Love Weself" – 4:25 #"Free My Soul" – 4:05 #"Jesus Got a Face" – 5:10 References 2006 albums Eddy Grant albums {{reggae-album-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Restitution (theology)
Restitution in moral theology and soteriology signifies an act of commutative justice by which exact reparation as far as possible is made for an injury that has been done to another. - Catholic Encyclopedia article In the teaching of certain s, restitution is an essential part in salvation. Methodism In Methodism, the way of sal ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
