Realist Paintings
Realism, Realistic, or Realists may refer to: In the arts *Realism (arts), the general attempt to depict subjects truthfully in different forms of the arts Arts movements related to realism include: *Classical Realism *Literary realism, a movement from the mid 19th to the early 20th century *Neorealism (art) **Italian neorealism (film) ** Indian neorealism (film) *New realism, a movement founded in 1960 *Realism (art movement), 19th-century painting group *Theatrical realism, one of the many types of theatre such as Naturalism *Vienna School of Fantastic Realism, an art movement *Socialist realism, an art style developed in the Soviet Union In philosophy *Philosophical realism Related realist philosophies include: *Aesthetic realism (metaphysics) *Agential realism (Barad) *Australian realism *Austrian realism *Conceptualist realism (Wiggins) *Critical realism (other) *Dialectical realism (Hacking) *Direct realism * Empirical realism *Entity realism *Epistemic struc ...
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Realism (arts)
Realism in the arts is generally the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding speculative and supernatural elements. The term is often used interchangeably with naturalism, although these terms are not synonymous. Naturalism, as an idea relating to visual representation in Western art, seeks to depict objects with the least possible amount of distortion and is tied to the development of linear perspective and illusionism in Renaissance Europe. Realism, while predicated upon naturalistic representation and a departure from the idealization of earlier academic art, often refers to a specific art historical movement that originated in France in the aftermath of the French Revolution of 1848. With artists like Gustave Courbet capitalizing on the mundane, ugly or sordid, realism was motivated by the renewed interest in the common man and the rise of leftist politics. The Realist painters rejected Romanticism, which had come to dominate Fre ...
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Critical Realism (other)
Critical realism may refer to: * Critical realism (philosophy of perception), a perspective that states that some sense-data are accurate to external objects * Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences), philosophical approach associated with Roy Bhaskar * Theological critical realism, a term used in the religion–science interface community * Social realism Social realism is the term used for work produced by painters, printmakers, photographers, writers and filmmakers that aims to draw attention to the real socio-political conditions of the working class as a means to critique the power structure ...

Model-dependent Realism
Model-dependent realism is a view of scientific inquiry that focuses on the role of scientific models of phenomena. It claims reality should be interpreted based upon these models, and where several models overlap in describing a particular subject, multiple, equally valid, realities exist. It claims that it is meaningless to talk about the "true reality" of a model as we can never be ''absolutely'' certain of anything. The only meaningful thing is the usefulness of the model. The term "model-dependent realism" was coined by Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow in their 2010 book, '' The Grand Design''. Overview Model-dependent realism asserts that all we can know about "reality" consists of networks of ''world pictures'' that explain ''observations'' by connecting them by ''rules'' to concepts defined in ''models''. Will an ultimate theory of everything be found? Hawking and Mlodinow suggest it is unclear: A ''world picture'' consists of the combination of a set of observations ...
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Modal Realism
Modal realism is the view propounded by philosopher David Lewis that all possible worlds are real in the same way as is the actual world: they are "of a kind with this world of ours." It is based on the following tenets: possible worlds exist; possible worlds are not different in kind from the actual world; possible worlds are irreducible entities; the term ''actual'' in ''actual world'' is indexical, i.e. any subject can declare their world to be the actual one, much as they label the place they are "here" and the time they are "now". ''Extended modal realism'' is a form of modal realism that involves ontological commitments not just to ''possible worlds'' but also to ''impossible worlds''. Objects are conceived as being spread out in the modal dimension, i.e. as having not just spatial and temporal parts but also modal parts. This contrasts with Lewis' modal realism according to which each object only inhabits one possible world. Common arguments for modal realism refer to the ...
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