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National Liberation Front (Algeria)
The National Liberation Front ( ar, جبهة التحرير الوطني ''Jabhatu l-Taḥrīri l-Waṭanī''; french: Front de libération nationale, FLN) is a nationalist political party in Algeria. It was the principal nationalist movement during the Algerian War and the sole legal and ruling political party of the Algerian state until other parties were legalised in 1989. The FLN was established in 1954 from a split in the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties from members of the Special Organisation paramilitary; its armed wing, the National Liberation Army, participated in the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962. After the Évian Accords of 1962, the party purged internal dissent and ruled Algeria as a one-party state. After the 1988 October Riots and the Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) against Islamist groups, the FLN was reelected to power in the 2002 Algerian legislative election, and has generally remained in power ever since, although sometimes needing to for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Revolutionary Committee Of Unity And Action
Revolutionary Committee for Unity and Action (in French: ''Comité Révolutionnaire d'Unité et d'Action'') was a militant group in Algeria formed in order to fight French rule. CRUA regrouped former elements of the OS and radical members of the MTLD. The CRUA was founded by 33 persons. CRUA would later evolve into the FLN and produce the Declaration of 1 November 1954 written by the journalist Mohamed Aïchaoui. Group of 22 *Mohamed Belouizdad * Mostefa Ben Boulaïd * Mohamed Larbi Ben M'Hidi * Benmostefa Benaouda *Lakhdar Bentobal *Rabah Bitat * Zoubir Bouadjadj * Said Bouali * Ahmed Bouchaïb *Mohamed Boudiaf *Abdelhafid Boussouf *Lyès Deriche *Mourad Didouche * Abdessalam Habachi *Abdelkader Lamoudi *Mohamed Mechati *Slimane Mellah * Mohamed Merzoughi *Badji Mokhtar * Abdelmalek Ramdane * Boudjemaa Souidani *Youcef Zighoud See also * Declaration of 1 November 1954 The Declaration of 1 November 1954 is the first independentist appeal addressed by t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People's Municipal Assembly
The People's Municipal Assembly (PMA; Arabic: ), is the political body governing the municipalities of Algeria. It is composed of an assembly (municipal council) elected on universal suffrage for five years. This assembly further elects a president, the ''president of the People's Municipal Assembly'', which is the Algerian equivalent of a mayor. The last votes for the PMAs and the PPAs were on November 27, 2021. The building A building, or edifice, is an enclosed structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place, such as a house or factory (although there's also portable buildings). Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and fun ... where this assembly is located is also called ''People's Municipal Assembly''. {{Algeria-gov-stub Politics of Algeria ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdelhamid Ben Badis
ʻAbd al-Ḥamīd (ALA-LC romanization of ar, عبد الحميد) is a Muslim male given name, and in modern usage, surname. It is built from the Arabic words '' ʻabd'' and ''al-Ḥamīd'', one of the names of God in the Qur'an, which gave rise to the Muslim theophoric names. It means "servant of the All-laudable". It is rendered as ''Abdolhamid'' in Persian and ''Abdülhamit'' in Turkish. It may refer to: Given name * Abd al-Hamid al-Katib (died 749), Umayyad official and Islamic scholar *'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk (fl. 830), Turkish Muslim mathematician * Abdul Hamid Lahori (died 1654), Indian traveller and court historian of Shah Jahan * Abdul Hamid Baba (died c.1732), Pashtun poet *Abdul Hamid I (1725–1789), sultan of the Ottoman Empire * Abdul Hamid (surveyor) (died ?1864), surveyor in Central Asia * Abdul Hamid II (1842–1918), sultan of the Ottoman Empire *Abdul Hamid Halim of Kedah (1864–1943), Sultan of Kedah *Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani (1880–1976), politi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
WWII
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries. The major participants in the war threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role in the conflict, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and deploying the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II was by far the deadliest conflict in human history; it resulted in 70 to 85 million fatalities, mostly among civilians. Tens of millions died due to genocides (including the Holocaust), starvation, mass ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2002 Algerian Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Algeria on 30 May 2002 to elect members of the People's National Assembly. The governing National Liberation Front (FLN) won a majority of seats in the election. The election suffered from a low turnout, violence and boycotts by some opposition parties. Candidates The election saw 10,052 candidates standing in the election from 23 political parties. Of the candidates, 694 were female and 1,266 were independents. Campaign President Abdelaziz Bouteflika announced the date of the election on 20 February and the official campaign began on 9 May. The President vowed that they would be free elections and warned people against undermining them. However five opposition parties boycotted the election, the Socialist Forces Front (FFS), Rally for Culture and Democracy (RCD), Republican National Alliance (ANR), Movement of Democrats and Socialists (MDS) and the Socialist Workers' Party (PST). They claimed that previous elections in 1997 and 1999 were fra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algerian Civil War
The Algerian Civil War ( ar, rtl=yes, الْحَرْبُ الْأَهْلِيَّةُ الجَزَائِرِيَّةُ, al-Ḥarb al-ʾAhlīyah al-Jazāʾirīyah) was a civil war in Algeria fought between the Algerian government and various Islamist rebel groups from 26 December 1991 (following a coup negating an Islamist electoral victory) to 8 February 2002. The war began slowly, as it initially appeared the government had successfully crushed the Islamist movement, but armed groups emerged to declare jihad and by 1994, violence had reached such a level that it appeared the government might not be able to withstand it. By 1996–97, it had become clear that the Islamist resistance had lost its popular support, although fighting continued for several years after. Kepel, ''Jihad'', 2002: p.255 The war has been referred to as 'the dirty war' (''la sale guerre''), and saw extreme violence and brutality used against civilians. Kepel, ''Jihad'', 2002: p.254 Islamists targeted jo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1988 October Riots
The 1988 October Riots were a series of street-level disturbances and riotous demonstrations by Algerian youth, which started on 5 October 1988 and ended on the 11th."La semaine sanglante", ''Jeune Afrique''. 19 October 1988. PP. 10-16. The riots were "the most serious" since Algeria's independence", and involved thousands of youth who "took control of the streets". Kepel, ''Jihad'', 2002: p.160-1 Riots started in Algiers and spread to other cities, resulting in about 500 deaths and 1000 wounded although the official death count reports that 159 were killed with 154 protesters injured. The riots indirectly led to the fall of the country's one-party system ( Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) party had been in power since 1962) and the introduction of democratic reform, but also to a spiral of instability and increasingly vicious political conflict, ultimately fostering the Algerian Civil War. There are two dominant narratives surrounding the reasons for the October 1988 riots: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
One-party State
A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system, or single-party system is a type of sovereign state in which only one political party has the right to form the government, usually based on the existing constitution. All other parties are either outlawed or allowed to take only a limited and controlled participation in elections. Sometimes the term "''de facto'' one-party state" is used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike the one-party state, allows (at least nominally) democratic multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power. Although it is predated by the 1714 to 1783 "age of the Whig oligarchy" in Great Britain, the rule of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) over the Ottoman Empire following the 1913 coup d'etat is often considered the first one-party state. Concept One-party states justify themselves through various methods. Most often, proponents of a one- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Évian Accords
The Évian Accords were a set of peace treaties signed on 18 March 1962 in Évian-les-Bains, France, by France and the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic, the government-in-exile of FLN (), which sought Algeria's independence from France. The Accords ended the 1954–1962 Algerian War with a formal cease-fire proclaimed for 19 March and formalized the status of Algeria as an independent nation and the idea of cooperative exchanges between the two countries. Content of Évian Accords The Évian Accords consisted of 93 pages of detailed agreements and arrangements. In essence these covered cease-fire arrangements, prisoner releases, the recognition of full sovereignty and right to self-determination of Algeria, in addition to guarantees of protection, non-discrimination and property rights for all Algerian citizens. A section dealing with military issues provided for the withdrawal of French forces over a period of two years, with the exception of those garriso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Liberation Army (Algeria)
The National Liberation Army or ALN ( ar, جيش التحرير الوطني الجزائري, translit=Jaīš al-taḥrīr al-waṭanī al-jazāʾirī; french: Armée de libération nationale) was the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front of Algeria during the Algerian War. After Algeria won its independence from France in 1962, the ALN was converted into the regular Algerian People's National Armed Forces. History Algerian Revolution The (National Liberation Front) was established by the (Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action) and organised in March 1954. Around two years later this group absorbed most but not all the Algerian nationalist organisations. It then re-organised itself and established a provisional government. This government included five members in executive and legislative bodies; all the members were district heads. During the ongoing war of independence in Algeria; Colonel Houari Boumedienne (the future President of Algeria) led the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Special Organisation (Algeria)
The Special Organisation (french: Organisation spéciale or organization secret) was a secret paramilitary organisation in colonial Algeria, founded by Mohamed Belouizdad of the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (MTLD) in 1947 to prepare for armed struggle against France, which ruled Algeria as a colony since 1830. The turn towards guerrilla warfare was in large part the result of the reactions to the fraudulent elections to the Algerian Assembly in 1948 and later, decided and justified by the Governor-General of Algeria Marcel-Edmond Naegelen, and reactions to the Sétif massacre in 1945, and other examples of violent repression, which all convinced Algerian activists from 1948 onwards that peaceful political work would be pointless. The OS had around 1,500-2,000 members at its peak, and spawned the groups that would later form the FLN; this group, in turn, became the leading force in the Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962), and later Algeria's single ruling p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Movement For The Triumph Of Democratic Liberties
The Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (MTLD), name proposed by Maiza, was created October 1946 to replace the outlawed Parti du Peuple Algerien (PPA). Messali Hadj remained as its president. The MTLD was created on the same platform as that of the PPA, that is full independence for Algeria. A month after its creation it won five seats (out of 15 elected) in the November 'two colleges' Algerian elections, despite numerous irregularities. During that same election Ferhat Abbas was elected under the banner of the Union Democratique du Manifeste Algerien (UDMA), a party he formed in the same year. A power struggle erupted between Messali Hadj and the Central Committee, the legislative body of the Party. The first attempt at reconciliation took place in Belcourt, a suburb of Algiers, in August 1954. Messalists and Centralists with '' Organisation spéciale'' (OS) members as observers, could not reach a compromise. A second attempt at rallying Messali was made later in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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