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Hypogymnia
''Hypogymnia'' is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as tube lichens, bone lichens, or pillow lichens. Most species lack rhizines (root-like attachment organs on the lower surface) that are otherwise common in members of the Parmeliaceae, and have swollen lobes that are usually hollow. Other common characteristics are relatively small spores and the presence of physodic acid and related lichen products. The lichens usually grow on the bark and wood of coniferous trees. ''Hypogymnia'' was proposed by lichenologist William Nylander, first as a subgenus of ''Parmelia'' in 1881, and 15 years later as a distinct genus of two species, including the widespread and common type species, '' Hypogymnia physodes''. It has since grown to about 90 recognized species. ''Hypogymnia'' has a centre of biodiversity in China, where many of its species are found. Taxonomy ''Hypogymnia'' was first created as subgenus of ''Parmelia'' by Finnish lichenolo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypogymnia Physodes
''Hypogymnia physodes'', commonly known as the monk's-hood lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is a common and widespread species in boreal forest, boreal and temperate forests of the Northern Hemisphere. It has a grey to yellowish-green thallus that is loosely attached to its substrate (biology), substrate and forms large irregular patches. Hollow lobes are 2–3mm wide. The outer edge turns up and is frequently covered with white powdery soredia underneath. Its lower surface is black, wrinkled and has some browning toward the lobe margins. The pycnidia are black and abundant, and their presence creates a pepper-like effect across the upper surface. Because of its abundance and its moderate sensitivity to sulphur dioxide and heavy metals, ''Hypogymnia physodes'' is often used in bioindicator and biomonitoring studies that enable the assessment of air pollution and other environmental conditions. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q881824 Hypogymn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parmeliaceae
The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: '' Xanthoparmelia'' ( 822 species), '' Usnea'' (355 species), '' Parmotrema'' ( 255 species), and '' Hypotrachyna'' (262 species). Nearly all members of the family have a symbiotic association with a green alga (most often '' Trebouxia'' spp., but '' Asterochloris'' spp. are known to associate with some species).Miadlikowska, J. ''et al.'' (2006). New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA- and two protein-coding genes. ''Mycologia'' 98: 1088-1103. http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/reprint/98/6/1088.pdf The majority of Parmeliaceae species have a foliose, fruticose, or subfruticose growth form. The morphological diversity and complexity exhibited by this g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parmelia (fungus)
''Parmelia'' is a genus of medium to large foliose lichens.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, It has a global distribution, extending from the ArcticSkult H (1985) A New Subspecies of ''Parmelia omphalodes'' Ascomycetes Described from the Arctic. Annales Botanici Fennici 22, 201-6. to the Antarctic continentD.C. Lindsay (1973) Notes on Antarctic lichens: IV. The genera ''Cetraria'' Hoffm., ''Hypogymnia'' (Nyl.) Nyl., ''Menegazzia'' Massal, ''Parmelia'' Ach. and ''Platismatia'' Culb. et Culb. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 36, 105-114. but concentrated in temperate regions. There are about 40 species in ''Parmelia''. In recent decades, the once large genus ''Parmelia'' has been divided into a number of smaller genera according to thallus morphology and phylogenetic relatedness. It is a foliaceous lichen, resembling a leaf in shape. The ends of the leaf-like lobes are often squarish-tipped. The upper surface is pale bluish-gray t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudevernia
''Pseudevernia'' is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. The type species of the genus, ''Pseudevernia furfuracea'' ( commonly known as tree moss), has substantial commercial value in the perfume industry. Systematics ''Pseudevernia'' was circumscribed by German botanist Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf in 1903 with ''Pseudevernia furfuracea'' as the type species. ''Pseudevernia'' is a member of the Hypogymnioid clade of the family Parmeliaceae; this clade, which also includes the genera ''Arctoparmelia'', '' Brodoa'', and ''Hypogymnia'', is an evolutionary lineage comprising species occurring in temperate to subpolar regions in both hemispheres. ''Pseudevernia'' has been estimated to have diverged from its closest ancestors during the Oligocene at 31.43 Ma, and is the earliest-diverging member of the Hypogymnioid clade. Description ''Pseudevernia'' lichens generally have a foliose (leafy) thallus, although occasionally it becomes almost fruticose in form. This ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Menegazzia Terebrata
''Menegazzia terebrata'' is a species of foliose lichen found scattered across many continents, including North America, South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Taxonomy This species was first described as ''Lobaria terebrata'' by Georg Franz Hoffmann in 1796. In 1854, Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo renamed it ''Menegazzia terebrata''. Description ''Menegazzia terebrata'' has a glossy blue-grey and a black, wrinkled undersurface. This species does not have any rhizines on the undersurface. The medulla is white. Asci contain eight single-celled ascospores, like most species of Ascomycota. The spores are amyloid positive. The outside edges are different shades of brown. This species is distinguished by small holes in the upper thallus. Apothecia are rarely seen on this species so they mostly reproduce asexually. The lobes of this lichen are rounded and almost tube-like, with soredia on the lobe tips. The holes in its upper surface give the lichen many ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term ''cladus'' (plural ''cladi'') is often used in taxonomical literature. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between org ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hildur Krog
Hildur Krog (22 March 1922 – 25 August 2014) was a Norwegian botanist. She was born in Modum. She took the dr.philos. degree in 1968 with a thesis on Alaskan lichens, was hired as a curator at the Botanical Museum of Oslo in 1971 and served as professor at the University of Oslo from 1987 to 1992. For 15 year from 1969 she collaborated with the British amateur lichenologist Dougal Swinscow to study the macrolichen flora of East Africa. They undertook field collections as well as characterisation and revision of the limited existing lichen knowledge of the region, presented in 33 scientific publications and a book ''The Macrolichens of East Africa'', British Museum (Natural History) in 1988. In 1992 Hildur Krog was awarded the Acharius Medal by the International Association for Lichenology She was a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. She died in 2014. Several lichen are named in her honour, including ''Krogia'' which a genus of corticolous lichens in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Felsic
In geology, felsic is a modifier describing igneous rocks that are relatively rich in elements that form feldspar and quartz.Marshak, Stephen, 2009, ''Essentials of Geology,'' W. W. Norton & Company, 3rd ed. It is contrasted with mafic rocks, which are relatively richer in magnesium and iron. Felsic refers to silicate minerals, magma, and rocks which are enriched in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium. Felsic magma or lava is higher in viscosity than mafic magma/lava. Felsic rocks are usually light in color and have specific gravities less than 3. The most common felsic rock is granite. Common felsic minerals include quartz, muscovite, orthoclase, and the sodium-rich plagioclase feldspars (albite-rich). Terminology In modern usage, the term ''acid rock'', although sometimes used as a synonym, normally now refers specifically to a high-silica-content (greater than 63% SiO2 by weight) volcanic rock, such as rhyolite. Older, broader ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brodoa
''Brodoa'' is a genus of three species of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus, circumscribed In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius. Not every polyg ... in 1986 by Trevor Goward, is named in honour of lichenologist Irwin Brodo. References Parmeliaceae Lichen genera Lecanorales genera Taxa described in 1987 {{Parmeliaceae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medulla (lichenology)
The medulla is a horizontal layer within a lichen thallus. It is a loosely arranged layer of interlaced hyphae below the upper cortex and photobiont A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Galloway, D.J. (1992). Flora of Australia - ''Lichen Glossary'' The medulla generally has a cottony appearance. It is the widest layer of a heteromerous lichen thallus. References Fungal morphology and anatomy Lichenology {{lichen-stub ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arctoparmelia
''Arctoparmelia'' is a genus of ring lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus was circumscribed by American lichenologist Mason Hale in 1986 with '' A. centrifuga'' (formerly in '' Xanthoparmelia'') as the type species. Hale included five species in his original conception of the genus; the Siberian species '' A. collatolica'' was added in 2019. Species *'' Arctoparmelia aleuritica'' (Nyl.) Hale (1986) *''Arctoparmelia centrifuga ''Arctoparmelia centrifuga'' or the concentric ring lichen is a species of ring lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the l ...'' (concentric ring lichen) (L.) Hale (1986) *'' Arctoparmelia collatolica'' Chesnokov & Prokopiev (2019) *'' Arctoparmelia incurva'' (finger ring lichen) (Pers.) Hale (1986) *'' Arctoparmelia separata'' (rippled ring lichen) (Th. Fr.) Hale (1986) *'' Arctoparmelia subcentrifuga'' (abrading r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic period (), and the Classical period (). Ancient Greek was the language of Homer and of fifth-century Athenian historians, playwrights, and philosophers. It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been a standard subject of study in educational institutions of the Western world since the Renaissance. This article primarily contains information about the Epic and Classical periods of the language. From the Hellenistic period (), Ancient Greek was followed by Koine Greek, which is regarded as a separate historical stage, although its earliest form closely resembles Attic Greek and its latest form approaches Medieval Greek. There were several regional dialects of Ancient Greek, of which Attic Greek developed into Koi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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