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Cystodermataceae
The Squamanitaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. All species in the family are agarics (gilled mushrooms). Species in two genera, ''Dissoderma'' and ''Squamanita'', are parasitic on other agarics. Members of the ''Squamanitaceae'' are found worldwide. Taxonomy The family was first proposed in 1981 by Dutch mycologist Walter Jülich. Its current circumscription is the result of molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences. File:Cystoderma carcharias 27630.jpg, ''Cystoderma carcharias'' File:Leucopholiota decorosa (Peck) O.K. Mill., T.J. Volk & Bessette 823455.jpg, ''Leucopholiota decorosa'' File:Floccularia albolanaripes 65197.jpg, ''Floccularia albolanaripes'' File:Squamanita umbonata 77648.jpg, ''Squamanita umbonata'' File:Phaeolepiota aurea 10866-83fabfaacdf92ca2ba5a395f175754a4.jpg, ''Phaeolepiota aurea ''Phaeolepiota'' is a genus of fungi in the family Squamanitaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species ''Phaeole ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cystoderma
''Cystoderma'' is a genus of fungi in the family Agaricaceae or Cystodermataceae. Its family position is in doubt and the family "Cystodermataceae" and tribe "Cystodermateae" have been proposed to include this group following recent molecular work. Previously ''Cystoderma'' comprised a wider range of species but in 2002 Harmaja separated some of them off into the new genus '' Cystodermella'' (for instance '' Cystoderma cinnabarinum'', ''C. elegans'' and '' C. granulosum''). The separation was made largely on the basis that the spores in the new genus were not at all amyloid. Those remaining in ''Cystoderma'' have weakly to strongly amyloid spores, tend to have a persistent ring and to have arthroconidia. DNA analysis supports the division into the two groups, but further investigation has shown that none of the morphological characteristics distinguish between them in a consistent clear-cut way. The name probably comes from the Greek ''kýstis'' meaning ''pouch'' and ''derma' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cystoderma Amianthinum
''Cystoderma amianthinum'', commonly called the saffron parasol, the saffron powder-cap, or the earthy powder-cap, is a small orange-ochre, or yellowish-brown, gilled mushroom. It grows in damp mossy grassland, in coniferous forest clearings, or on wooded Heath (habitat), heaths. It is probably the most common of the small genus ''Cystoderma''. It is not recommended for consumption due to its resemblance to Mushroom poisoning, poisonous species. Taxonomy ''Cystoderma amianthinum'' was first noted by the Italian-Austrian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, who called it ''Agaricus amianthinus'' in 1772. The present generic name ''Cystoderma'' was erected by Swiss mycologist Victor Fayod in 1889, and is roughly translated as 'blistered skin', and is probably a reference to the appearance of the cap cuticle, pellicle (cap skin). Description The Pileus (mycology), cap is usually between in diameter, convex to bell-shaped, and later flat with a slight depression around a low umbo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agarics
An agaric () is a type of fungus fruiting body characterized by the presence of a pileus (cap) that is clearly differentiated from the stipe (stalk), with lamellae (gills) on the underside of the pileus. In the UK, agarics are called "mushrooms" or "toadstools". In North America they are typically called "gilled mushrooms". "Agaric" can also refer to a basidiomycete species characterized by an agaric-type fruiting body. Archaically, agaric meant 'tree-fungus' (after Latin ''agaricum''); however, that changed with the Linnaean interpretation in 1753 when Linnaeus used the generic name ''Agaricus'' for gilled mushrooms. Most species of agaricus belong to the order Agaricales in the subphylum Agaricomycotina. The exceptions, where agarics have evolved independently, feature largely in the orders Russulales, Boletales, Hymenochaetales, and several other groups of basidiomycetes. Old systems of classification placed all agarics in the Agaricales and some (mostly older) sources use ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Squamanita Umbonata
''Squamanita'' is a genus of parasitic fungi in the family Squamanitaceae. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) superficially resemble normal agarics (gilled mushrooms) but emerge from parasitized fruit bodies of deformed host agarics. Taxonomy The genus was created in 1946 by Swiss mycologist Emil Imbach to accommodate an unusual agaric species, ''Squamanita schreieri'', which L. Schreier had earlier described and illustrated as "''Tricholoma'' X". In 1965 Dutch mycologist Cornelis Bas expanded the genus to five species, all of which were characterized by arising from "sclerotial bodies". The possibility that ''Squamanita'' might be parasitic on other agarics (the remains of which formed the "sclerotial bodies") was noted by British mycologist Derek Reid in 1983. The discovery of a host fruit body that formed its own pileus together with three ''Squamanita'' pilei confirmed the parasitic nature of the genus, a discovery subsequently featured in ''Nature'' under the title 'Mycological m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Floccularia Albolanaripes
''Floccularia albolanaripes'' is a species of fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Mushrooms are characterized by their yellow caps with a brownish center and scales over the margin, and the conspicuous remains of a partial veil that is left on the stipe. The species grows in the Pacific Northwest and the Rocky Mountains of North America, and in India. Taxonomy The species was first described as ''Armillaria albolanaripes'' by American mycologist George F. Atkinson in 1908. The type specimens were collected from Corvallis, Oregon on November 6, 1906. It was known as an ''Armillaria'' for several decades until members of that genus with amyloid spores and lacking black rhizomorphs were transferred to '' Floccularia'' in 1987. Description The cap is convex to flattened (sometimes with a shallow umbo), measuring in diameter. Its color is bright-yellow to orange-yellow and then later brownish, and it has flattened brownish scales over the center. The whitish cap margin is roll ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leucopholiota Decorosa
''Leucopholiota decorosa'' is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Tricholomataceae. Commonly known as the decorated pholiota, it is distinguished by its fruit body which is covered with pointed brown, curved scales on the cap and stem, and by its white gills. Found in the eastern United States, France, and Pakistan, it is saprobic, growing on the decaying wood of hardwood trees. ''L. decorosa'' was first described by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck as ''Agaricus decorosus'' in 1873, and the species has been transferred to several genera in its history, including '' Tricholoma'', ''Tricholomopsis'', '' Armillaria'', and ''Floccularia''. Three American mycologists considered the species unique enough to warrant its own genus, and transferred it into the new genus '' Leucopholiota'' in a 1996 publication. Lookalike species with similar colors and scaly fruit bodies include ''Pholiota squarrosoides'', '' Phaeomarasmius erinaceellus'', and '' Leucopholiota li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cystoderma Carcharias
''Cystoderma carcharias'', is a species of agaric in the fungal family Agaricaceae. It has a widespread distribution, and has been collected in coniferous forests and grasslands in Asia, Europe, North America, and the subantarctic islands. In the field, fruit bodies are characterized by a pink cap up to broad, a well-developed ring on the stem, and an unpleasant odour. Taxonomy The species was first described scientifically by Christian Hendrik Persoon, who named it ''Agaricus carcharias'' in 1794. Swiss mycologist Victor Fayod assigned it its current name in 1889. The specific epithet ''carcharias'' is probably derived from the Greek καρχαρός (''karcharos'') which means sharp, pointed or jagged. καρχαρίας (''karcharias'') is translated as shark. Description The fruiting body of ''Cystoderma carcharias'' is a relatively small agaric. The fruiting body is characterised by an off-white and pale pink-tinged cap with a distinct darker central spot, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DNA Sequences
A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases signified by a series of a set of five different letters that indicate the order of nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule. By convention, sequences are usually presented from the 5' end to the 3' end. For DNA, the sense strand is used. Because nucleic acids are normally linear (unbranched) polymers, specifying the sequence is equivalent to defining the covalent structure of the entire molecule. For this reason, the nucleic acid sequence is also termed the primary structure. The sequence has capacity to represent information. Biological deoxyribonucleic acid represents the information which directs the functions of an organism. Nucleic acids also have a secondary structure and tertiary structure. Primary structure is sometimes mistakenly referred to as ''primary sequence''. Conversely, there is no parallel concept of secondary or tertiary sequence. Nucleotides Nucleic acids consis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cladistic
Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups (" clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived characteristics ( synapomorphies'')'' that are not present in more distant groups and ancestors. However, from an empirical perspective, common ancestors are inferences based on a cladistic hypothesis of relationships of taxa whose character states can be observed. Theoretically, a last common ancestor and all its descendants constitute a (minimal) clade. Importantly, all descendants stay in their overarching ancestral clade. For example, if the terms ''worms'' or ''fishes'' were used within a ''strict'' cladistic framework, these terms would include humans. Many of these terms are normally used paraphyletically, outside of cladistics, e.g. as a 'grade', which are fruitless to precisely delineate, especially when including extinct species. R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical frame ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycologist
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungus, fungi, including their genetics, genetic and biochemistry, biochemical properties, their Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy and ethnomycology, their use to humans, including as a source for tinder, traditional medicine, Edible mushroom, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as poison, toxicity or fungal infection, infection. A biologist specializing in mycology is called a mycologist. Mycology branches into the field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases, and the two disciplines remain closely related because the vast majority of plant pathogens are fungi. Overview Historically, mycology was a branch of botany because, although fungi are evolutionarily more closely related to animals than to plants, this was not recognized until a few decades ago. Pioneer mycologists included Elias Magnus Fries, Christian Hendrik Persoon, Anton de Bary, Elizabeth Eaton Morse, and Lewis David von Schweinitz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family (taxonomy), family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. :E.g. ''Panthera leo'' (lion) and ''Panthera onca'' (jaguar) are two species within the genus ''Panthera''. ''Panthera'' is a genus within the family Felidae. The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomy (biology), taxonomists. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: # monophyly – all descendants ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
