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Covariation Model
{{More footnotes, date=July 2021 Harold Kelley's covariation model (1967, 1971, 1972, 1973) is an attribution theory in which people make causal inferences to explain why other people and ourselves behave in a certain way. It is concerned with both social perception and self-perception (Kelley, 1973). The covariation principle states that, "an effect is attributed to the one of its possible causes with which, over time, it covaries" (Kelley, 1973:108). That is, a certain behaviour is attributed to potential causes that appear at the same time. This principle is useful when the individual has the opportunity to observe the behaviour over several occasions.see also Kelley's discounting principle (1971, 1972): single observation Causes of an outcome can be attributed to the person (internal), the stimulus (external), the circumstance, or some combination of these factors (Hewstone et al., 1973). Attributions are made based on three criteria: Consensus, Distinctiveness, and Consistency ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harold Kelley
Harold Kelley (February 16, 1921 – January 29, 2003) was an American social psychologist and professor of psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles. His major contributions have been the development of interdependence theory (with John Thibaut),Thibaut, J.W. & Kelley, H.H. (1959) ''The social psychology of groups.'' New York: Wiley.Kelley, H.H. & Thibaut, J.W. (1978) ''Interpersonal relations: A theory of interdependence.'' New York: Wiley-Interscience. the early work of attribution theory,Kelley, H.H. (1967). Attribution Theory in Social Psychology. ''Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 15'', 192-238. and a lifelong interest in understanding close relationships processes.Kelley, H.H. (1979) ''Personal relationships: Their structures and processes.'' Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum Associates.Kelley, H.H., Berscheid, E., Christensen, A., Harvey, J.H., Huston, T.L., Levinger, G., McClintock, E., Peplau, L.A. & Peterson, D.R.. (1983) ''Close Relationships.'' New York: W.H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Attribution Theory
Attribution is a term used in psychology which deals with how individuals perceive the causes of everyday experience, as being either external or internal. Models to explain this process are called attribution theory. Psychological research into attribution began with the work of Fritz Heider in the early 20th century, and the theory was further advanced by Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner. Heider first introduced the concept of perceived 'locus of causality' to define the perception of one's environment. For instance, an experience may be perceived as being caused by factors outside the person's control (external) or it may be perceived as the person's own doing (internal). These initial perceptions are called attributions. Psychologists use these attributions to better understand an individual's motivation and competence. The theory is of particular interest to employers who use it to increase worker motivation, goal orientation, and productivity. Psychologists have identified va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Perception
Social perception (or interpersonal perception) is the study of how people form impressions of and make inferences about other people as sovereign personalities. Social perception refers to identifying and utilizing social cues to make judgments about social roles, rules, relationships, context, or the characteristics (e.g., trustworthiness) of others. This domain also includes social knowledge, which refers to one's knowledge of social roles, norms, and schemas surrounding social situations and interactions. People learn about others' feelings and emotions by picking up information they gather from physical appearance, verbal, and nonverbal communication. Facial expressions, tone of voice, hand gestures, and body position or movement are a few examples of ways people communicate without words. A real-world example of social perception is understanding that others disagree with what one said when one sees them roll their eyes. There are four main components of social perception: obs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Self-perception
Self-perception theory (SPT) is an account of attitude formation developed by psychologist Daryl Bem. It asserts that people develop their attitudes (when there is no previous attitude due to a lack of experience, etc.—and the emotional response is ambiguous) by observing their own behavior and concluding what attitudes must have caused it. The theory is counterintuitive in nature, as the conventional wisdom is that attitudes determine behaviors. Furthermore, the theory suggests that people induce attitudes without accessing internal cognition and mood states. The person interprets their own overt behaviors rationally in the same way they attempt to explain others' behaviors. Bem's original experiment In an attempt to decide if individuals induce their attitudes as observers without accessing their internal states, Bem used interpersonal simulations, in which an "observer-participant" is given a detailed description of one condition of a cognitive dissonance experiment. Subject ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Self-serving Bias
A self-serving bias is any cognitive or perceptual process that is distorted by the need to maintain and enhance self-esteem, or the tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner. It is the belief that individuals tend to ascribe success to their own abilities and efforts, but ascribe failure to external factors. When individuals reject the validity of negative feedback, focus on their strengths and achievements but overlook their faults and failures, or take more credit for their group's work than they give to other members, they are protecting their self-esteem from threat and injury. These cognitive and perceptual tendencies perpetuate illusions and error, but they also serve the self's need for esteem. For example, a student who attributes earning a good grade on an exam to their own intelligence and preparation but attributes earning a poor grade to the teacher's poor teaching ability or unfair test questions might be exhibiting the self-serving bias. Studies have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Attitude Attribution
Attitude may refer to: Philosophy and psychology * Attitude (psychology), an individual's predisposed state of mind regarding a value * Metaphysics of presence * Propositional attitude, a relational mental state connecting a person to a proposition * Self Television * ''Attitude'' (TV series), a New Zealand television show * ''Attitudes'' (TV series), an American television talk show on Lifetime Television Music * Attitude Records, a record label * Attitudes (band), a 1970s pop/rock quartet Albums * ''Attitude'' (April Wine album) (1993) * ''Attitude'' (Collette album) (1991) * ''Attitude'' (EP), a 2010 EP by Meisa Kuroki * ''Attitudes'' (Lorie album) * ''Attitude'' (Rip Rig + Panic album) (1983) * ''Attitudes'' (Demis Roussos album) (1982) * ''Attitude'' (Susperia album) * ''Attitude'' (Troop album) (1989) * ''Attitudes'', a 1982 album by Brass Construction Songs * "Attitude" (Alien Ant Farm song) (2002) * "Attitude" (The Kinks song) (1979) * "Attitude" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causal Inference
Causal inference is the process of determining the independent, actual effect of a particular phenomenon that is a component of a larger system. The main difference between causal inference and inference of association is that causal inference analyzes the response of an effect variable when a cause of the effect variable is changed. The science of why things occur is called etiology. Causal inference is said to provide the evidence of causality theorized by causal reasoning. Causal inference is widely studied across all sciences. Several innovations in the development and implementation of methodology designed to determine causality have proliferated in recent decades. Causal inference remains especially difficult where experimentation is difficult or impossible, which is common throughout most sciences. The approaches to causal inference are broadly applicable across all types of scientific disciplines, and many methods of causal inference that were designed for certain discipl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |