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Controller (computing) (other)
In computer hardware, a controller may refer to: * Memory controller, a unit that manages access to memory * Game controller, a device by which the user controls the operation of the computer * Host controller * Network controller * Graphics controller or video display controller * SCSI host bus adapter * Network interface controller (NIC) * Parallel port controller * Microcontroller unit (MCU) * Keyboard controller * Programmable Interrupt Controller * Northbridge (computing) * Southbridge (computing) * Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) communications controller chip * Peripheral DMA controller * Floppy disk controller * Disk array controller, also known as a RAID controller, a type of storage controller * Flash controller, or SSD controller, which manages flash memory * Terminal Access Controller * IBM 2821 Control Unit, used to attach card readers, punches and line printers to IBM System/360 and IBM System/370 computers * IBM 270x and IBM 37xx, used for teleco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Hardware
Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as the computer case, case, central processing unit (CPU), Random-access memory, random access memory (RAM), Computer monitor, monitor, Computer mouse, mouse, Computer keyboard, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, Computer speakers, speakers and motherboard. By contrast, software is the set of instructions that can be stored and run by hardware. Hardware is so-termed because it is "Hardness, hard" or rigid with respect to changes, whereas software is "soft" because it is easy to change. Hardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command or Instruction (computing), instruction. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system, although Digital electronics, other systems exist with only hardware. Von Neumann architecture The template for all modern computers is the Von Neumann architecture, detailed in a First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, 1945 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southbridge (computing)
The southbridge is one of the two chips in the core logic chipset on a personal computer (PC) motherboard, the other being the northbridge. The southbridge typically implements the slower capabilities of the motherboard in a northbridge/southbridge chipset computer architecture. In systems with Intel chipsets, the southbridge is named I/O Controller Hub (ICH), while AMD has named its southbridge Fusion Controller Hub (FCH) since the introduction of its Fusion AMD Accelerated Processing Unit (APU) while moving the functions of the Northbridge onto the CPU die, hence making it similar in function to the Platform hub controller. The southbridge can usually be distinguished from the northbridge by not being directly connected to the CPU. Rather, the northbridge ties the southbridge to the CPU. Through the use of controller integrated channel circuitry, the northbridge can directly link signals from the I/O units to the CPU for data control and access. Current status Due to the pus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IBM 3271
The IBM 3270 is a family of block oriented display and printer computer terminals introduced by IBM in 1971 and normally used to communicate with IBM mainframes. The 3270 was the successor to the IBM 2260 display terminal. Due to the text color on the original models, these terminals are informally known as ''green screen'' terminals. Unlike a character-oriented terminal, the 3270 minimizes the number of I/O interrupts required by transferring large blocks of data known as data streams, and uses a high speed proprietary communications interface, using coaxial cable. IBM no longer manufactures 3270 terminals, but the IBM 3270 protocol is still commonly used via TN3270 clients, 3270 terminal emulation or web interfaces to access mainframe-based applications, which are sometimes referred to as ''green screen applications''. Principles The 3270 series was designed to connect with mainframe computers, often at a remote location, using the technology then available in the earl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IBM 37xx
IBM 37xx (or 37x5) is a family of IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA) programmable communications controllers used mainly in mainframe environments. All members of the family ran one of three IBM-supplied programs. *''Emulation Program'' (EP) mimicked the operation of the older IBM 270x non-programmable controllers. *'' Network Control Program'' (NCP) supported Systems Network Architecture devices. *''Partitioned Emulation Program'' (PEP) combined the functions of the two. Models 370x series * 3705 — the oldest of the family, introduced in 1972 to replace the non programmable IBM 270x family. The 3705 could control up to 352 communications lines. * 3704 was a smaller version, introduced in 1973. It supported up to 32 lines. 371x The 3710 communications controller was introduced in 1984. 372x series The 3725 and the 3720 systems were announced in 1983. The 3725 replaced the hardware line scanners used on previous 370x machines with multiple microcoded proce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IBM 270x
270x is a generic name for a family of IBM non-programmable communications controllers used with System/360 and System/370 computers. The family consisted of the following devices: * IBM 2701 Data Adapter Unit * IBM 2702 Transmission Control * IBM 2703 Transmission Control The 2701 and 2702 were announced simultaneously with System/360 in 1964, the 2703 was announced a year later. The 270x series was superseded by the IBM 3704 and 3705 communications controllers in 1972. 2701 The 2701 supported up to four start-stop or synchronous communications lines. It had two multiplexor channel interfaces for connection to one or two host computers. The synchronous adapter originally supported the ''Synchronous Transmit-Receive (STR)'' protocol, and later ''Binary Synchronous Communications (BISYNC)'' when it was introduced in 1967, in half duplex mode at speeds of up to 40,800 bits per second (bit/s). The 2701 could also have "data acquisition and control adapt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IBM 2821 Control Unit
The IBM 2821 Control Unit attaches card readers and card punches, and line printers to the IBM System/360 and IBM System/370 families of computers. The devices attached may be a combination of: * The IBM 2540 card reader and card punch; * The IBM 1403 models 2, 3, 7 and N1 line printer; and * The IBM 1404 model 2 line printer and bill feed printer. The 2821 was originally advertised—in 1964, before System/360 shipped—as a controller for the IBM 1402 card reader/punch and the IBM 1403 and IBM 2201 printers. Six models of the IBM 2821 Control Unit were available, as follows: * Model 1 attaches one IBM 2540 and one IBM 1403; * Model 2 attaches one IBM 1403; * Model 3 attaches two or three IBM 1403s; * Model 4 attaches one IBM 2540 and one IBM 1404, but only on IBM System/360 models 25, 30, 40 and 50; * Model 5 attaches one IBM 2540 and two or three IBM 1403s; and * Model 6 attaches one IBM 2540. The 2821 is fully buffered, that is it has buffers large enough to hold an entire ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flash Controller
A flash memory controller (or flash controller) manages data stored on flash memory (usually NAND flash) and communicates with a computer or electronic device. Flash memory controllers can be designed for operating in low duty-cycle environments like memory cards, or other similar media for use in PDAs, mobile phones, etc. USB flash drives use flash memory controllers designed to communicate with personal computers through the USB port at a low duty-cycle. Flash controllers can also be designed for higher duty-cycle environments like solid-state drives (SSD) used as data storage for laptop computer systems up to mission-critical enterprise storage arrays. Initial setup After a flash storage device is initially manufactured, the flash controller is first used to format the flash memory. This ensures the device is operating properly, it maps out bad flash memory cells, and it allocates spare cells to be substituted for future failed cells. Some part of the spare cells is also used t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Disk Array Controller
A disk array controller is a device that manages the physical disk drives and presents them to the computer as logical units. It almost always implements hardware RAID, thus it is sometimes referred to as RAID controller. It also often provides additional disk cache. ''Disk array controller'' is often improperly shortened to ''disk controller''. The two should not be confused as they provide very different functionality. Front-end and back-end side A disk array controller provides front-end interfaces and back-end interfaces. * Back-end interface communicates with controlled disks. Hence protocol is usually ATA (a.k.a. PATA), SATA, SCSI, FC or SAS. * Front-end interface communicates with a computer's host adapter (HBA, Host Bus Adapter) and uses: ** one of ATA, SATA, SCSI, FC; these are popular protocols used by disks, so by using one of them a controller may transparently emulate a disk for a computer ** somewhat less popular protocol dedicated for a specific solution: FICO ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Floppy Disk Controller
A floppy-disk controller (FDC) has evolved from a discrete set of components on one or more circuit boards to a special-purpose integrated circuit (IC or "chip") or a component thereof. An FDC directs and controls reading from and writing to a computer's floppy disk drive (FDD). The FDC is responsible for reading data presented from the host computer and converting it to the drive's on-disk format using one of a number of encoding schemes, like FM encoding (single density) or MFM encoding (double density), and reading those formats and returning it to its original binary values. Depending on the platform, data transfers between the controller and host computer would be controlled by the computer's own microprocessor, or an inexpensive dedicated microprocessor like the MOS 6507 or Zilog Z80. Early controllers required additional circuitry to perform specific tasks like providing clock signals and setting various options. Later designs included more of this functionality on t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peripheral DMA Controller
A peripheral DMA controller (PDC) is a feature found in modern microcontrollers. This is typically a FIFO with automated control features for driving implicitly included modules in a microcontroller such as UARTs. This takes a large burden from the operating system and reduces the number of interrupts required to service and control these type of functions. See also * Direct memory access (DMA) * Autonomous peripheral operation In computing, autonomous peripheral operation is a hardware feature found in some microcontroller architectures to off-load certain tasks into embedded autonomous peripherals in order to minimize latencies and improve throughput in hard real-tim ... References Integrated circuits {{microcompu-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/transmitter
A universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART ) is a computer hardware device for asynchronous serial communication in which the data format and transmission speeds are configurable. It sends data bits one by one, from the least significant to the most significant, framed by start and stop bits so that precise timing is handled by the communication channel. The electric signaling levels are handled by a driver circuit external to the UART. Two common signal levels are RS-232, a 12-volt system, and RS-485, a 5-volt system. Early teletypewriters used current loops. It was one of the earliest computer communication devices, used to attach teletypewriters for an operator console. It was also an early hardware system for the Internet. A UART is usually an individual (or part of an) integrated circuit (IC) used for serial communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port. One or more UART peripherals are commonly integrated in microcontroller chips. Specialised ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
