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Contrastive Distribution
Contrastive may refer to one of several concepts in linguistics: *Contrast (linguistics) *Contrastive linguistics *Contrastive distribution *Contrastive analysis *Contrastive rhetoric *Contrastive focus reduplication *Contrastive stress *Contrastive wa; see Japanese grammar *Contrastive units, a basic unit of sound **Chroneme **Phoneme See also *Contrast (other) {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Contrast (linguistics)
In semantics, contrast is a distinction between two or more entities, with regards to their meaning and function On contrast Contrast is often overtly marked by markers such as ''but'' or ''however'', such as in the following examples: # It's raining, ''but'' I am not taking an umbrella. # We will be giving a party for our new students. We won't, ''however'', be serving drinks. # The student knew about the test on Friday, ''but'' still he did not study. In the first clause, ''It's raining'' implies that the speaker knows the weather situation and so will prepare for it, while the second clause ''I am not taking an umbrella'' implies that the speaker will still get wet. ''Both clauses'' (or discourse segments) refer to related situations, or themes, yet imply a contradiction. It is this relationship of comparing something similar, yet different, that is believed to be typical of contrastive relations. The same type of relationship is shown in (2), where the first sentence can be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Contrastive Linguistics
Contrastive linguistics is a practice-oriented linguistic approach that seeks to describe the differences and similarities between a pair of languages (hence it is occasionally called "''differential'' linguistics"). History While traditional linguistic studies had developed comparative methods (comparative linguistics), chiefly to demonstrate family relations between cognate languages, or to illustrate the historical developments of one or more languages, modern contrastive linguistics intends to show in what ways the two respective languages differ, in order to help in the solution of practical problems. (Sometimes the terms diachronic linguistics and synchronic linguistics are used to refer to these two perspectives.) Contrastive linguistics, since its inception by Robert Lado in the 1950s, has often been linked to aspects of applied linguistics, e.g., to avoid interference errors in foreign-language learning, as advocated by Di Pietro (1971) (see also contrastive analy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Contrastive Distribution
Contrastive may refer to one of several concepts in linguistics: *Contrast (linguistics) *Contrastive linguistics *Contrastive distribution *Contrastive analysis *Contrastive rhetoric *Contrastive focus reduplication *Contrastive stress *Contrastive wa; see Japanese grammar *Contrastive units, a basic unit of sound **Chroneme **Phoneme See also *Contrast (other) {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Contrastive Analysis
Contrastive analysis is the systematic study of a couple of languages with a view to identifying their structural differences and similarities. Historically it has been used to establish language genealogies. Second language acquisition Contrastive analysis was used extensively in the field of second language acquisition (SLA) in the 1960s and early 1970s, as a method of explaining why some features of a target language were more difficult to acquire than others. According to the behaviourist theories prevailing at the time, language learning was a question of habit formation, and this could be reinforced or impeded by existing habits. Therefore, the difficulty in mastering certain structures in a second language (L2) depended on the difference between the learners' mother language (L1) and the language they were trying to learn. History The theoretical foundations for what became known as the contrastive analysis hypothesis were formulated in Robert Lado's ''Linguistics Acr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Contrastive Rhetoric
Contrastive rhetoric is the study of how a person's first language and his or her culture influence writing in a second language or how a common language is used among different cultures. The term was first coined by the American applied linguist Robert Kaplan in 1966 to denote eclecticism and subsequent growth of collective knowledge in certain languages. It was widely expanded from 1996 to today by Finnish-born, US-based applied linguist Ulla Connor,Connor, Ulla. (1996). ''Contrastive rhetoric: Cross-cultural aspects of second-language writing''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press among others. Since its inception the area of study has had a significant impact on the exploration of intercultural discourse structures that extend beyond the target language's native forms of discourse organization. The field brought attention to cultural and associated linguistic habits in expression of English language. This acceptance of dialect geography was especially welcomed in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Contrastive Focus Reduplication
Contrastive focus reduplication, also called contrastive reduplication, identical constituent compounding, lexical cloning,Horn, L. (1993). Economy and redundancy in a dualistic model of natural language. SKY: The Linguistic Association of Finland. or the double construction, is a type of syntactic reduplication found in some languages. Doubling a word or phrase – such as "do you ''like''-like him?" – can indicate that the prototypical meaning of the repeated word or phrase is intended. "As a rough approximation, we can say that the reduplicated modifier singles out a member or subset of the extension of the noun that represents a true, real, default, or prototype instance." In English, the first part of the reduplicant bears contrastive intonational stress. Contrastive focus reduplication in English can apply not only to words but also to multi-word phrases such as idioms, or to word stems without their inflectional morphemes. * I talked to him that week, but I didn't ''t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Contrastive Stress
In linguistics, and particularly phonology, stress or accent is the relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence. That emphasis is typically caused by such properties as increased loudness and vowel length, full articulation of the vowel, and changes in tone. The terms ''stress'' and ''accent'' are often used synonymously in that context but are sometimes distinguished. For example, when emphasis is produced through pitch alone, it is called ''pitch accent'', and when produced through length alone, it is called ''quantitative accent''. When caused by a combination of various intensified properties, it is called ''stress accent'' or ''dynamic accent''; English uses what is called ''variable stress accent''. Since stress can be realised through a wide range of phonetic properties, such as loudness, vowel length, and pitch (which are also used for other linguistic functions), it is difficult to define stress s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Grammar
Japanese is an agglutinative, synthetic, mora-timed language with simple phonotactics, a pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent. Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, and sentence structure is topic–comment. Its phrases are exclusively head-final and compound sentences are exclusively left-branching. Sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or make questions. Nouns have no grammatical number or gender, and there are no articles. Verbs are conjugated, primarily for tense and voice, but not person. Japanese adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has a complex system of honorifics with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener, and persons mentioned. In language typology, it has many features different from most European languages. Distinctive aspects of modern Japa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chroneme
In linguistics, a chroneme is an abstract phonological suprasegmental feature used to signify contrastive differences in the length of speech sounds. Both consonants and vowels can be viewed as displaying this features. The noun ''chroneme'' is derived , and the suffixed ''eme'', which is analogous to the ''eme'' in ''phoneme'' or ''morpheme''. Two words with different meaning that are spoken exactly the same except for length of one segment are considered a minimal pair. The term was coined by the British phonetician Daniel Jones to avoid using the term ''phoneme'' to characterize a feature above the segmental level. The term is not widely used today, and in the case of English phonetics, Jones' analysis of long and short vowels (e.g. the of ''bead'' and the of ''bit'' ) as distinguished only by the chroneme is now described as "no longer tenable". Languages can have differences in length of vowels or consonants, but in most of them these differences aren not used phonemic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phoneme
A phoneme () is any set of similar Phone (phonetics), speech sounds that are perceptually regarded by the speakers of a language as a single basic sound—a smallest possible Phonetics, phonetic unit—that helps distinguish one word from another. All languages contain phonemes (or the spatial-gestural equivalent in sign languages), and all spoken languages include both consonant and vowel phonemes; phonemes are primarily studied under the branch of linguistics known as phonology. Examples and notation The English words ''cell'' and ''set'' have the exact same sequence of sounds, except for being different in their final consonant sounds: thus, versus in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), a writing system that can be used to represent phonemes. Since and alone distinguish certain words from others, they are each examples of phonemes of the English language. Specifically they are consonant phonemes, along with , while is a vowel phoneme. The spelling of Engli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
