|
Conocybe Volviradicata
''Conocybe'' is a genus of mushrooms with ''Conocybe tenera'' as the type species and at least 243 other species. There are at least 50 different species in North America. Most have a long, thin fragile stipe and are delicate, growing in grasslands on dead moss, dead grass, sand dunes, decayed wood, and dung. ''Conocybe'' species generally prefer fertile soils in lawns and pastures and are found worldwide. ''Conocybe'' species are sometimes called dunce caps or cone heads due to their conical or bell-shaped caps. Former species of ''Conocybe'' that have a well-developed partial veil and/or lack lecythiform cheilocystidia have been transferred to the genus ''Pholiotina'', which was formerly a subgenus of ''Conocybe''. However, ''Pholiotina'' as it is currently defined is polyphyletic, although none of the three clades that make it up belong in ''Conocybe''. Similar to ''Galerina'', a ''Conocybe'' species can be distinguished microscopically by its cellular cap cuticle, which is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conocybe Tenera
''Conocybe tenera'' is a widely distributed member of the genus ''Conocybe''. This mushroom is the type species for the genus ''Conocybe''. Description ''Conocybe tenera'' is a small saprotrophic mushroom with a conic to convex cap and is smooth and colored cinnamon brown. It is usually less than 2 cm across and is striate almost to the center. The gills are adnate and colored pale brown, darkening in age. The spores are yellowish brown, smooth and ellipsoid with a germ pore, measuring 12 x 6 micrometres. The stem is 3 to 9 cm long, 1.5 mm thick, and is equal width for the whole length, sometimes with some swelling at the base. It lacks an annulus (ring), is hollow and pruinose near the top. Distribution and habitat Widely distributed across the world. Found in meadows and cities. Edibility The species is inedible, and is related to at least one species which contains the deadly amatoxin Amatoxin is the collective name of a subgroup of at least nine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galerina
''Galerina'' is a genus of small brown-spore saprobic fungi (colloquially often ''mushrooms''), with over 300 species found throughout the world from the far north to remote Macquarie Island in the Southern Ocean. The genus is most noted for some extremely poisonous species which are occasionally confused with hallucinogenic species of ''Psilocybe''. Species are typically small and hygrophanous, with a slender and brittle stem. They are often found growing on wood, and when on the ground have a preference for mossy habitats. ''Galerina'' means ''helmet-like''. Taxonomic definition The genus ''Galerina'' is defined as small mushrooms of mycenoid stature, that is, roughly similar in form to ''Mycena'' species: a small conical to bell-shaped cap, and gills attached to a long and slender cartilaginous stem. Species have a pileipellis that is a cutis, and ornamented spores that are brown in deposit, where the spore ornamentation comes from an extra spore covering. Description ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conocybe Filaris
''Pholiotina rugosa'' is a common mushroom which is widely distributed and especially common in the Pacific Northwest. It grows in woodchips, flowerbeds and compost. It has been found in Europe, Asia and North America. It contains the same mycotoxins as the death cap. It is more commonly known as ''Conocybe filaris'' as this is the name it is likely to appear under in field guides. However, ''Conocybe filaris'' is a junior synonym of ''Pholiotina rugosa''. ''Pholiotina rugosa'' has also been placed in the genus ''Conocybe'', but its morphology and a 2013 molecular phylogenetics study place it in the genus ''Pholiotina''. ''Pholiotina fimicola'', which grows on dung and rich soil in North America, is a possible synonym. ''Pholiotina arrhenii'' has also been considered a possible synonym, but a molecular phylogenetics study found it to be a distinct species. Description Canocybe filaris has a Pileus (mycology), cap which is conical, expanding to flat, usually with an Umbo (mycolog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oaxaca
Oaxaca ( , also , , from nci, Huāxyacac ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Oaxaca), is one of the 32 states that compose the political divisions of Mexico, Federative Entities of Mexico. It is divided into municipalities of Oaxaca, 570 municipalities, of which 418 (almost three quarters) are governed by the system of (customs and traditions) with recognized local forms of self-governance. Its capital city is Oaxaca de Juárez. Oaxaca is in southwestern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Guerrero to the west, Puebla to the northwest, Veracruz to the north, and Chiapas to the east. To the south, Oaxaca has a significant coastline on the Pacific Ocean. The state is best known for #Indigenous peoples, its indigenous peoples and cultures. The most numerous and best known are the Zapotec peoples, Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, but there are sixteen that are officially recognized. These cultures have survived better than most others ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mazatec People
The Mazatec are an indigenous people of Mexico who inhabit the Sierra Mazateca in the state of Oaxaca and some communities in the adjacent states of Puebla and Veracruz. Language family The Mazatecan languages are part of the Popolocan family which, in turn, is part of the Otomanguean language family. Post-colonial period The Mazatecs' religion represents a syncretism of traditional beliefs with Christian beliefs brought by the Spanish conquistadors. Traditional religious rituals Mazatec tradition includes the cultivation of entheogens for spiritual and ritualistic use. Plants and fungi used for this purpose include psilocybin mushrooms, psychoactive morning glory seeds (from species such as ''Ipomoea tricolor'' and '' Ipomoea corymbosa''), and perhaps most significant to the Mazatecs, '' Salvia divinorum''. This latter plant is known to Mazatec shamans as ''ska María Pastora'', the name containing a reference to the Virgin Mary.Valdés ''et al.'' (1983) Notable Mazatecs *Mar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shaman
Shamanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner (shaman) interacting with what they believe to be a spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance. The goal of this is usually to direct spirits or spiritual energies into the physical world for the purpose of healing, divination, or to aid human beings in some other way. Beliefs and practices categorized as "shamanic" have attracted the interest of scholars from a variety of disciplines, including anthropologists, archeologists, historians, religious studies scholars, philosophers and psychologists. Hundreds of books and academic papers on the subject have been produced, with a peer-reviewed academic journal being devoted to the study of shamanism. In the 20th century, non-Indigenous Westerners involved in countercultural movements, such as hippies and the New Age created modern magicoreligious practices influenced by their ideas of various Indigenous religions, creating what has been ter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conocybe Smithii
''Pholiotina smithii'' is a rare member of the genus ''Pholiotina'' which contains the hallucinogenic alkaloid psilocybin. It was formerly known as ''Galera cyanopes'' '' Photography and microscopy by Jordan luebben''. Description *Cap: 0.3 - 1(1.3) cm across Conic to convex but expands to nearly plane in age, with a distinct umbo, smooth, ochraceous tawny to cinnamon-brown, darker at edges, glistening when wet, hygrophanous, even to striate when moist. Lightens when it dries, turning a tan color. *Gills: adnate to adnexed, crowded to subdistant, narrow to moderately broad, pale grayish yellow to brown with whitish edges, darkening to rusty cinnamon brown in age. *Spores: Cinnamon brown, (6.5)7.0 - 9.0 x 4.0 - 4.5(5) micrometers smooth and ellipsoid with thick walls and a small but distinct germ-pore. * Stipe: (1)2 to 5(7.5) cm long, .75 - 1(1.5) mm thick, mostly equal but often slightly swollen at the base. Fragile, whitish with fine fibrils but becoming smooth, lacks an an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conocybe Cyanopus
''Pholiotina cyanopus'' is a species of fungus that contains psychoactive compounds including psilocybin and the uncommon aeruginascin. Originally described as ''Galerula cyanopus'' by American mycologist George Francis Atkinson in 1918. It was transferred to ''Conocybe'' by Robert Kühner in 1935 before being transferred to ''Pholiotina'' by Rolf Singer in 1950. A 2013 molecular phylogenetics study found it to belong to a group of species currently assigned to ''Pholiotina'' that are more closely related to '' Galerella nigeriensis'' than to ''Pholiotina'' or ''Conocybe''. It is likely that it will be moved to a different genus in the future, but this has not happened yet. It is very similar to '' Pholiotina smithii'', a species known only from North America, from which it differs slightly in the color of its cap and gills and the width of its cheilocystidia. Some authors have speculated that the ''P. smithii'' could be a junior synonym of ''P. cyanopus'', but this has not b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conocybe Siligineoides
''Conocybe siligineoides'', also known as cone caps, Ya'nte, Ta'a'ya, or Tamu, is a species of macro-fungus in the family Bolbitiaceae. It has seldom been observed by the mycological community with all specimens having been collected in Mexico. Originally reported as a sacred mushroom, no chemical studies have been undertaken on this species although other members of the same genus have been shown to contain psilocybin, which causes strong hallucinations. They are crushed, dried, and used in tea, and consumed fresh. Description It is a thin, small, about in height, mushroom that is reddish-orange with a cone or bell shaped cap. When spores are forming the cap will turn a rusty color. Traditional uses The Mazatec used this fungus as an entheogenic. The Aztec called them sacred mushrooms and used them for healing and various rituals. A cult in the Ivory Coast of Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conocybe Kuehneriana
''Conocybe velutipes'' is a species of mushroom in the Bolbitiaceae family. It contains the psychedelic alkaloids psilocybin and psilocin Psilocin (also known as 4-HO-DMT, 4-hydroxy DMT, psilocine, psilocyn, or psilotsin) is a substituted tryptamine alkaloid and a serotonergic psychedelic substance. It is present in most psychedelic mushrooms together with its phosphorylated cou .... References Bolbitiaceae Psychoactive fungi Psychedelic tryptamine carriers {{Agaricales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybin
Psilocybin ( , ) is a naturally occurring psychedelic prodrug compound produced by more than 200 species of fungi. The most potent are members of the genus ''Psilocybe'', such as '' P. azurescens'', '' P. semilanceata'', and '' P. cyanescens'', but psilocybin has also been isolated from about a dozen other genera. Psilocybin is itself biologically inactive but is quickly converted by the body to psilocin, which has mind-altering effects similar, in some aspects, to those of LSD, mescaline, and DMT. In general, the effects include euphoria, visual and mental hallucinations, changes in perception, a distorted sense of time, and perceived spiritual experiences. It can also cause adverse reactions such as nausea and panic attacks. Imagery found on prehistoric murals and rock paintings of modern-day Spain and Algeria suggests that human usage of psilocybin mushrooms predates recorded history. In Mesoamerica, the mushrooms had long been consumed in spiritual and div ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocin
Psilocin (also known as 4-HO-DMT, 4-hydroxy DMT, psilocine, psilocyn, or psilotsin) is a substituted tryptamine alkaloid and a serotonergic psychedelic substance. It is present in most psychedelic mushrooms together with its phosphorylated counterpart psilocybin. Psilocin is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Acting on the 5-HT2A receptors, psilocin modulates the production and reuptake of serotonin. The mind-altering effects of psilocin are highly variable and subjective and resemble those of LSD and DMT. Chemistry Psilocin and its phosphorylated cousin, psilocybin, were first isolated and named in 1958 by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann. Hofmann obtained the chemicals from laboratory-grown specimens of the entheogenic mushroom ''Psilocybe mexicana''. Hofmann also succeeded in finding synthetic routes to these chemicals. Psilocin can be obtained by dephosphorylation of natural psilocybin under strongly acidic or under alkaline conditions (hyd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.svg "Click for more on -> Oaxaca")
