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Condorcet Efficiency
Condorcet efficiency is a measurement of the performance of voting methods. It is defined as the percentage of elections for which the Condorcet winner (the candidate who is preferred over all others in head-to-head races) is elected, provided there is one. A voting method with 100% efficiency would always pick the Condorcet winner, when one exists, and a method that never chose the Condorcet winner would have 0% efficiency. The outcome of a referendum on policy can be efficient if the conditions of the efficient voter rule are met. Efficiency is not only affected by the voting method, but is a function of the number of voters, number of candidates, and of any strategies used by the voters. It was initially developed in 1984 by Samuel Merrill III, along with Social utility efficiency. A related, generalized measure is Smith efficiency, which measures how often a voting method elects a candidate in the Smith set. Except in elections where the Smith set includes all candidate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Merrill 1984 Fig2c Condorcet Efficiency Under Spatial-Model Assumptions (relative Dispersion = 1
Merrill may refer to: Places in the United States *Merrill Field, Anchorage, Alaska *Merrill, Iowa *Merrill, Maine * Merrill, Michigan *Merrill, Mississippi, an unincorporated community near Lucedale in George County *Merrill, Oregon *Merrill, Wisconsin *Merrill (town), Wisconsin * Merrill Township, Michigan *Merrill Township, North Dakota * Merrill College at the University of California, Santa Cruz People * Merrill Moses (born 1977), Olympic water polo player *Merrill (surname) *Merrill Cook, Utah politician *Merrill Garbus, musician behind the experimental indie project Tune-yards *Merrill Ashley (born 1950), American ballet dancer and ''répétiteur'' Other uses *Merrill (company), a division of Bank of America * Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, architectural firm * USS ''Merrill'' (DD-976) * Nine men's morris, a strategy board game also called ''Merrills'' * Merrill (crater) Merrill is a lunar impact crater. It is located in the high northern latitudes, on the far side. Less t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Merrill 1984 Fig2d Condorcet Efficiency Under Spatial-Model Assumptions (relative Dispersion = 0
Merrill may refer to: Places in the United States *Merrill Field, Anchorage, Alaska *Merrill, Iowa *Merrill, Maine * Merrill, Michigan *Merrill, Mississippi, an unincorporated community near Lucedale in George County *Merrill, Oregon *Merrill, Wisconsin *Merrill (town), Wisconsin * Merrill Township, Michigan *Merrill Township, North Dakota * Merrill College at the University of California, Santa Cruz People * Merrill Moses (born 1977), Olympic water polo player *Merrill (surname) *Merrill Cook, Utah politician *Merrill Garbus, musician behind the experimental indie project Tune-yards *Merrill Ashley (born 1950), American ballet dancer and ''répétiteur'' Other uses *Merrill (company), a division of Bank of America * Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, architectural firm * USS ''Merrill'' (DD-976) * Nine men's morris, a strategy board game also called ''Merrills'' * Merrill (crater) Merrill is a lunar impact crater. It is located in the high northern latitudes, on the far side. Less t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electoral System
An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and Referendum, referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, Nonprofit organization, non-profit organisations and informal organisations. These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur, suffrage, who is allowed to vote, who can stand as a candidate, voting method, how ballots are marked and cast, how the ballots are counted, how votes translate into the election outcome, limits on campaign finance, campaign spending, and other factors that can affect the result. Political electoral systems are defined by constitutions and electoral laws, are typically conducted by election commissions, and can use multiple types of elections for different offices. Some electoral systems elect a single winner to a unique position, such as prime ministe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Condorcet Winner
An electoral system satisfies the Condorcet winner criterion () if it always chooses the Condorcet winner when one exists. The candidate who wins a majority of the vote in every head-to-head election against each of the other candidatesthat is, a candidate preferred by more voters than any othersis the Condorcet winner, although Condorcet winners do not exist in all cases. It is sometimes simply referred to as the "Condorcet criterion", though it is very different from the "Condorcet loser criterion". Any voting method conforming to the Condorcet winner criterion is known as a Condorcet method. The Condorcet winner is the person who would win a two-candidate election against each of the other candidates in a plurality vote. For a set of candidates, the Condorcet winner is always the same regardless of the voting system in question, and can be discovered by using pairwise counting on voters' ranked preferences. A Condorcet winner will not always exist in a given set of votes, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Efficient Voter Rule
In the study of voter behavior, the efficient voter rule speaks to the desirability of voter-driven outcomes. It applies to situations involving Externality, negative externalities such as pollution and crime, and positive externalities such as education. Related efforts to achieve socially optimal quantities of externalities have long been a focus of microeconomic research, most famously by Ronald Coase and Arthur Cecil Pigou, Arthur Pigou. Externality problems persist despite past remedies, which makes newer approaches such as the efficient voter rule important. In the context of negative externalities, the efficient voter rule states that ''when individuals who receive the same harm from a problem vote on whether to eliminate that problem at a uniform cost per individual, the outcome will be efficient, regardless of each individual’s contribution to the problem.'' The Rule applies similarly to positive externalities, as exemplified by the solar panel example below. The efficien ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samuel Merrill III
Samuel Merrill III (born 1939) is an American mathematician and political scientist best known for his work on alternative voting systems, voter behavior, party competition, and arbitration. Merrill was raised in Bogalusa, Louisiana. He received his bachelor's degree from Tulane University and his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1965 from Yale University under C. E. Rickart with thesis ''Banach Spaces of Analytic Functions''. Merrill was a professor of mathematics and statistics at Wilkes University until he retired in 2004. Merrill's son, Andrew Merrill, is a computer science teacher at Catlin Gabel School, in Portland, Oregon. Samuel Merrill is the author of three books on political science: *''Making Multicandidate Elections More Democratic'' (1988, Princeton University Press) *''A Unified Theory of Voting'' with Bernard Grofman Bernard Norman Grofman (born December 2, 1944) is a political scientist at the University of California, Irvine. He is an expert on redistricting and has be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Utility Efficiency
Social utility efficiency (SUE) is a measurement of the utilitarian performance of voting methods—how likely they are to elect the candidate who best represents the voters' preferences. It is also known as utilitarian efficiency, voter satisfaction index (VSI) or voter satisfaction efficiency (VSE). Definition Social utility efficiency is defined as the ratio between the social utility of the candidate who is actually elected by a given voting method and that of the candidate who would maximize social utility, where E[]is the expected value over many iterations of the sum of all voter utilities for a given candidate: \operatorname= \frac A voting method with 100% efficiency would always pick the candidate that maximizes voter utility. A method that chooses a winner randomly would have efficiency of 0%, and a (pathological) method that did worse than a random pick would have less than 0% efficiency. SUE is not only affected by the voting method, but is a function of the nu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smith Set
In voting systems, the Smith set, named after John H. Smith, but also known as the top cycle, or as Generalized Top-Choice Assumption (GETCHA), is the smallest non-empty set of candidates in a particular election such that each member defeats every candidate outside the set in a pairwise election. The Smith set provides one standard of optimal choice for an election outcome. Voting systems that always elect a candidate from the Smith set pass the Smith criterion and are said to be 'Smith-efficient' or to satisfy the Smith criterion. A set of candidates each of whose members pairwise defeats every candidate outside the set is known as a dominating set. The Smith set can be seen as defining a voting method (Smith's method) which is most often encountered when extended by an IRV tie-break as Smith/IRV or as Tideman's Alternative, or by minimax as Smith/minimax. Properties of Smith sets *The Smith set always exists and is well defined (see next section). *The Smith set can have mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smith-efficient
In voting systems, the Smith set, named after John H. Smith, but also known as the top cycle, or as Generalized Top-Choice Assumption (GETCHA), is the smallest non-empty set of candidates in a particular election such that each member defeats every candidate outside the set in a pairwise election. The Smith set provides one standard of optimal choice for an election outcome. Voting systems that always elect a candidate from the Smith set pass the Smith criterion and are said to be 'Smith-efficient' or to satisfy the Smith criterion. A set of candidates each of whose members pairwise defeats every candidate outside the set is known as a dominating set. The Smith set can be seen as defining a voting method (Smith's method) which is most often encountered when extended by an IRV tie-break as Smith/IRV or as Tideman's Alternative, or by minimax as Smith/minimax. Properties of Smith sets *The Smith set always exists and is well defined (see next section). *The Smith set can have more ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Comparison Of Electoral Systems
Electoral systems are the rules for conducting elections, a main component of which is the algorithm for determining the winner (or several winners) from the ballots cast. This article discusses methods and results of comparing different electoral systems, both those which elect a unique candidate in a 'single-winner' election and those which elect a group of representatives in a multiwinner election. There are 4 main types of reasoning which have been used to try to determine the best voting method: # Argument by example # Adherence to logical criteria # Results of simulated elections # Results of real elections Expert opinions on single-winner voting methods In 2010, a panel of 22 experts on voting procedures were asked: "What is the best voting rule for your town to use to elect the mayor?". One member abstained. Approval voting was used to decide between 18 single-winner voting methods. The ranking (with number ''N'' of approvers from a maximum of 21) of the various syst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voting Theory
Social choice theory or social choice is a theoretical framework for analysis of combining individual opinions, preferences, interests, or welfares to reach a ''collective decision'' or ''social welfare'' in some sense.Amartya Sen (2008). "Social Choice,". ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd EditionAbstract & TOC./ref> Whereas choice theory is concerned with individuals making choices based on their preferences, social choice theory is concerned with how to translate the preferences of individuals into the preferences of a group. A non-theoretical example of a collective decision is enacting a law or set of laws under a constitution. Another example is voting, where individual preferences over candidates are collected to elect a person that best represents the group's preferences. Social choice blends elements of welfare economics and public choice theory. It is methodologically individualistic, in that it aggregates preferences and behaviors of individual member ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
