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Concordance (mathematics)
Concordance may refer to: * Agreement (linguistics), a form of cross-reference between different parts of a sentence or phrase * Bible concordance, an alphabetical listing of terms in the Bible * Concordant coastline, in geology, where beds, or layers, of differing rock types form ridges that run parallel to the coast * Concordant pair, in statistics * Concordance (publishing), a list of words used in a body of work, with their immediate contexts * Concordance (genetics), the presence of the same trait in both members of a pair of twins (or set of individuals) * Concordance (medicine), involvement of patients in decision-making to improve patient compliance with medical advice * Concordance of evidence, in law, science, history, etc. * Concordance system, in Swiss politics, the presence of all major parties in the Federal Council * Concordance correlation coefficient, in statistics, a measurement of the agreement between two variables * Concordance database, a database tailored ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agreement (linguistics)
In linguistics, agreement or concord ( abbreviated ) occurs when a word changes form depending on the other words to which it relates. It is an instance of inflection, and usually involves making the value of some grammatical category (such as gender or person) "agree" between varied words or parts of the sentence. For example, in Standard English, one may say ''I am'' or ''he is'', but not "I is" or "he am". This is because English grammar requires that the verb and its subject agree in ''person''. The pronouns ''I'' and ''he'' are first and third person respectively, as are the verb forms ''am'' and ''is''. The verb form must be selected so that it has the same person as the subject in contrast to notional agreement, which is based on meaning. By category Agreement generally involves matching the value of some grammatical category between different constituents of a sentence (or sometimes between sentences, as in some cases where a pronoun is required to agree with its ante ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bible Concordance
A Bible concordance is a concordance, or verbal index, to the Bible. A simple form lists Biblical words alphabetically, with indications to enable the inquirer to find the passages of the Bible where the words occur. Concordances may be for the original languages of the Biblical books, or (more commonly) they are compiled for translations. Latin Friars of the Dominican order invented the verbal concordance of the Bible. As the basis of their work they used the text of the ''Vulgate'', the standard Bible of the Middle Ages in Western Europe. The first concordance, completed in 1230, was undertaken under the guidance of Cardinal Hugo de Saint-Cher (Hugo de Sancto Charo), assisted by fellow Dominicans. It contained short quotations (see the Ms. Saint-Omer, Bibliothèque municipale, 0028 ) of the passages where a word was found. These were indicated by book and chapter (the division into chapters had recently been made by Stephen Langton) but not by verses, which Robert Estienne w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concordant Coastline
In coastal geography, a concordant, longitudinal, or Pacific type coastline occurs where beds, or layers, of differing rock types are folded into ridges that run parallel to the coast. The outer hard rock (for example, granite) provides a protective barrier to erosion of the softer rocks (for example, clays) further inland. Sometimes the outer hard rock is punctured, allowing the sea to erode the softer rocks behind. This creates a cove, a circular area of water with a relatively narrow entrance from the sea. Lulworth Cove in Dorset is situated on a concordant coastline. The outer hard rock is Portland limestone. The sea has broken through this barrier and easily eroded the clays behind it. A chalk cliff face at the back of the cove slows further erosion. Erosion is just starting to the west, where the sea has again broken through the Portland limestone barrier at Stair Hole. The concordant coast may take one of two landform types. The Dalmatian type, named from Dalmatia on the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concordant Pair
In statistics, a concordant pair is a pair of observations, each on two variables, (X''1'',Y''1'') and (X''2'',Y''2''), having the property that : \sgn (X_2 - X_1)\ = \sgn (Y_2 - Y_1), where "sgn" refers to whether a number is positive, zero, or negative (its sign). Specifically, the signum function, often represented as sgn, is defined as: : \sgn x = \begin -1, & x 0 \end That is, in a concordant pair, both elements of one pair are either greater than, equal to, or less than the corresponding elements of the other pair. In contrast, a discordant pair is a pair of two-variable observations such that : \sgn (X_2 - X_1)\ = - \sgn (Y_2 - Y_1). That is, if one pair contains a higher value of ''X'' then the other pair contains a higher value of ''Y''. Uses The Kendall tau distance between two series is the total number of discordant pairs. The Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient, which measures how closely related two series of numbers are, is proportional to the d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concordance (publishing)
A concordance is an alphabetical list of the principal words used in a book or body of work, listing every instance of each word with its immediate context. Concordances have been compiled only for works of special importance, such as the Vedas, Bible, Qur'an or the works of Shakespeare, James Joyce or classical Latin and Greek authors, because of the time, difficulty, and expense involved in creating a concordance in the pre-computer era. A concordance is more than an index, with additional material such as commentary, definitions and topical cross-indexing which makes producing one a labor-intensive process even when assisted by computers. In the precomputing era, search technology was unavailable, and a concordance offered readers of long works such as the Bible something comparable to search results for every word that they would have been likely to search for. Today, the ability to combine the result of queries concerning multiple terms (such as searching for words near ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concordance (genetics)
In genetics, concordance is the probability that a pair of individuals will both have a certain characteristic (phenotypic trait) given that one of the pair has the characteristic. Concordance can be measured with concordance rates, reflecting the odds of one person having the trait if the other does. Important clinical examples include the chance of offspring having a certain disease if the mother has it, if the father has it, or if both parents have it. Concordance among siblings is similarly of interest: what are the odds of a subsequent offspring having the disease if an older child does? In research, concordance is often discussed in the context of both members of a pair of twins. Twins are concordant when both have or both lack a given trait. The ideal example of concordance is that of identical twins, because the genome is the same, an equivalence that helps in differentiating causation, regarding genetic effects versus epigenetic and environmental effects (nature versus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concordance (medicine)
In medicine, patient compliance (also adherence, capacitance) describes the degree to which a patient correctly follows medical advice. Most commonly, it refers to medication or drug compliance, but it can also apply to other situations such as medical device use, self care, self-directed exercises, or therapy sessions. Both patient and health-care provider affect compliance, and a positive physician-patient relationship is the most important factor in improving compliance. Access to care plays a role in patient adherence, whereby greater wait times to access care contributing to greater absenteeism. The cost of prescription medication also plays a major role. Compliance can be confused with concordance, which is the process by which a patient and clinician make decisions together about treatment. Worldwide, non-compliance is a major obstacle to the effective delivery of health care. 2003 estimates from the World Health Organization indicated that only about 50% of patients with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concordance Of Evidence
In science and history, consilience (also convergence of evidence or concordance of evidence) is the principle that evidence from independent, unrelated sources can "converge" on strong conclusions. That is, when multiple sources of evidence are in agreement, the conclusion can be very strong even when none of the individual sources of evidence is significantly so on its own. Most established scientific knowledge is supported by a convergence of evidence: if not, the evidence is comparatively weak, and there will probably not be a strong scientific consensus. The principle is based on unity of knowledge; measuring the same result by several different methods should lead to the same answer. For example, it should not matter whether one measures distances within the Giza pyramid complex by laser rangefinding, by satellite imaging, or with a meter stick – in all three cases, the answer should be approximately the same. For the same reason, different dating methods in geochronol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concordance System
Concordance democracy is a type of governing / ruling a country that aims to involve as many different groups as possible (parties, associations, minorities, social groups) in the political process and to make decisions by reaching a consensus. In this respect, concordance democracy is a form of consensus democracy in which majority rule as a decision-making mechanism does not play a central role in the political system. The counter-model to concordance democracy is called competitive democracy or majority democracy. In Swiss politics, the concordance system (German ''Konkordanzsystem'') is the integration of the major political parties into the seven-member Federal Council. The concordance system is based on two principles *an arithmetic rule of proportionality: the Federal Council should be representative of the political forces of the country, that is, its composition should be similar to that of the Federal Assembly. *a political rule of consensus: the government must r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concordance Correlation Coefficient
In statistics, the concordance correlation coefficient measures the agreement between two variables, e.g., to evaluate reproducibility or for inter-rater reliability. Definition The form of the concordance correlation coefficient \rho_c as :\rho_c = \frac, where \mu_x and \mu_y are the means for the two variables and \sigma^2_x and \sigma^2_y are the corresponding variances. \rho is the correlation coefficient between the two variables. This follows from its definition as :\rho_c = 1 - \frac . When the concordance correlation coefficient is computed on a N-length data set (i.e., N paired data values (x_n, y_n), for n=1,...,N), the form is :\hat_c = \frac, where the mean is computed as :\bar = \frac \sum_^N x_n and the variance :s_x^2 = \frac \sum_^N (x_n - \bar)^2 and the covariance :s_ = \frac \sum_^N (x_n - \bar)(y_n - \bar) . Whereas the ordinary correlation coefficient (Pearson's) is immune to whether the biased or unbiased versions for estimation of the variance is used, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concordance Database
LexisNexis is a part of the RELX corporation that sells data analytics products and various databases that are accessed through online portals, including portals for computer-assisted legal research (CALR), newspaper search, and consumer information. During the 1970s, LexisNexis began to make legal and journalistic documents more accessible electronically. , the company had the world's largest electronic database for legal and public-records–related information. History LexisNexis is owned by RELX (formerly known as Reed Elsevier). According to Trudi Bellardo Hahn and Charles P. Bourne, LexisNexis (originally founded as LEXIS) is historically significant because it was the first of the early information services to envision a future in which large populations of end users would directly interact with computer databases, rather than going through professional intermediaries like librarians. Available through IEEE Xplore. Other early information services in the 1970s met with f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inter-rater Reliability
In statistics, inter-rater reliability (also called by various similar names, such as inter-rater agreement, inter-rater concordance, inter-observer reliability, inter-coder reliability, and so on) is the degree of agreement among independent observers who rate, code, or assess the same phenomenon. Assessment tools that rely on ratings must exhibit good inter-rater reliability, otherwise they are not valid tests. There are a number of statistics that can be used to determine inter-rater reliability. Different statistics are appropriate for different types of measurement. Some options are joint-probability of agreement, such as Cohen's kappa, Scott's pi and Fleiss' kappa; or inter-rater correlation, concordance correlation coefficient, intra-class correlation, and Krippendorff's alpha. Concept There are several operational definitions of "inter-rater reliability," reflecting different viewpoints about what is a reliable agreement between raters. There are three operational defin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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