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Cipher Security Summary
This article summarizes publicly known attacks against block ciphers and stream ciphers. Note that there are perhaps attacks that are not publicly known, and not all entries may be up to date. Table color key Best attack This column lists the complexity of the attack: * If the attack doesn't break the full cipher, "rounds" refers to how many rounds were broken * "time" — time complexity, number of cipher evaluations for the attacker * "data" — required known plaintext-ciphertext pairs (if applicable) * "memory" — how many blocks worth of data needs to be stored (if applicable) * "related keys" — for related-key attacks, how many related key queries are needed Common ciphers Key or plaintext recovery attacks Attacks that lead to disclosure of the key or plaintext. Distinguishing attacks Attacks that allow distinguishing ciphertext from random data. Less common ciphers Key recovery attacks Attacks that lead to disclosure of the key. Disting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptanalysis
Cryptanalysis (from the Greek ''kryptós'', "hidden", and ''analýein'', "to analyze") refers to the process of analyzing information systems in order to understand hidden aspects of the systems. Cryptanalysis is used to breach cryptographic security systems and gain access to the contents of encrypted messages, even if the cryptographic key is unknown. In addition to mathematical analysis of cryptographic algorithms, cryptanalysis includes the study of side-channel attacks that do not target weaknesses in the cryptographic algorithms themselves, but instead exploit weaknesses in their implementation. Even though the goal has been the same, the methods and techniques of cryptanalysis have changed drastically through the history of cryptography, adapting to increasing cryptographic complexity, ranging from the pen-and-paper methods of the past, through machines like the British Bombes and Colossus computers at Bletchley Park in World War II, to the mathematically advanced comput ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Impossible Differential Attack
In cryptography, impossible differential cryptanalysis is a form of differential cryptanalysis for block ciphers. While ordinary differential cryptanalysis tracks differences that propagate through the cipher with greater than expected probability, impossible differential cryptanalysis exploits differences that are impossible (having probability 0) at some intermediate state (computer science), state of the cipher algorithm. Lars Knudsen appears to be the first to use a form of this attack, in the 1998 paper where he introduced his Advanced Encryption Standard process, AES candidate, DEAL. The first presentation to attract the attention of the cryptographic community was later the same year at the rump session of CRYPTO '98, in which Eli Biham, Alex Biryukov, and Adi Shamir introduced the name "impossible differential" and used the technique to break 4.5 out of 8.5 rounds of International Data Encryption Algorithm, IDEA and 31 out of 32 rounds of the National Security Agency, NSA-de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fluhrer, Mantin And Shamir Attack
In cryptography, the Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir attack is a stream cipher attack on the widely used RC4 stream cipher. The attack allows an attacker to recover the key in an RC4 encrypted stream from a large number of messages in that stream. The Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir attack applies to specific key derivation methods, but does not apply in general to RC4-based SSL (TLS), since SSL generates the encryption keys it uses for RC4 by hashing, meaning that different SSL sessions have unrelated keys. However, the closely related bar mitzvah attack, based on the same research and revealed in 2015, does exploit those cases where weak keys are generated by the SSL keying process. Background The Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir (FMS) attack, published in their 2001 paper "Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4",Fluhrer, S., Mantin, I., and A. Shamir,Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4, Selected Areas of Cryptography: SAC 2001, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi () is a family of wireless network protocols, based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards, which are commonly used for local area networking of devices and Internet access, allowing nearby digital devices to exchange data by radio waves. These are the most widely used computer networks in the world, used globally in home and small office networks to link desktop and laptop computers, tablet computers, smartphones, smart TVs, printers, and smart speakers together and to a wireless router to connect them to the Internet, and in wireless access points in public places like coffee shops, hotels, libraries and airports to provide visitors with Internet access for their mobile devices. ''Wi-Fi'' is a trademark of the non-profit Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term ''Wi-Fi Certified'' to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing. the Wi-Fi Alliance consisted of more than 800 companies from around the world. over 3.05 billion ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wired Equivalent Privacy
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) was a security algorithm for 802.11 wireless networks. Introduced as part of the original IEEE 802.11 standard ratified in 1997, its intention was to provide data confidentiality comparable to that of a traditional wired network. WEP, recognizable by its key of 10 or 26 hexadecimal digits (40 or 104 bits), was at one time widely used, and was often the first security choice presented to users by router configuration tools. In 2003, the Wi-Fi Alliance announced that WEP had been superseded by Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). In 2004, with the ratification of the full 802.11i standard (i.e. WPA2), the IEEE declared that both WEP-40 and WEP-104 have been deprecated. WEP was the only encryption protocol available to 802.11a and 802.11b devices built before the WPA standard, which was available for 802.11g devices. However, some 802.11b devices were later provided with firmware or software updates to enable WPA, and newer devices had it built in. History W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
KASUMI '', a video game
{{disambiguation ...
Kasumi may refer to: Places * Kasumi, Hyōgo (香住), a former town in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan * Kasumigaseki (霞が関 "Gate of Mist"), a district in downtown Tokyo * Kasumi, Jajce, a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina Other uses * Kasumi (given name), a feminine Japanese given name * Japanese destroyer Kasumi (霞 "Mist"), two Imperial Japanese destroyers * KASUMI (block cipher), a cipher used in the 3GPP mobile communications network * "Kasumi", a single in the Dir En Grey discography * ''Kasumi'' (comics), a shoujo/shojo manga series by Surt Lim and Hirofumi Sugimoto * Kasumi (Danzan-ryu technique), technique of Kodokan judo See also * ''Kasumi Ninja ''Kasumi Ninja'' is a fighting game, developed by Hand Made Software and published by Atari Corporation. Initially it was for the Atari Jaguar in North America and Europe on December 21, 1994, and was later released in Japan by Messe Sanoh in Jul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triple DES
In cryptography, Triple DES (3DES or TDES), officially the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (TDEA or Triple DEA), is a symmetric-key block cipher, which applies the DES cipher algorithm three times to each data block. The Data Encryption Standard's (DES) 56-bit key is no longer considered adequate in the face of modern cryptanalytic techniques and supercomputing power. A CVE released in 2016, CVE-2016-2183' disclosed a major security vulnerability in DES and 3DES encryption algorithms. This CVE, combined with the inadequate key size of DES and 3DES, NIST has deprecated DES and 3DES for ''new'' applications in 2017, and for ''all'' applications by the end of 2023. It has been replaced with the more secure, more robust AES. While the government and industry standards abbreviate the algorithm's name as TDES (Triple DES) and TDEA (Triple Data Encryption Algorithm), RFC 1851 referred to it as 3DES from the time it first promulgated the idea, and this namesake has since come into wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EFF DES Cracker
In cryptography, the EFF DES cracker (nicknamed "Deep Crack") is a machine built by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) in 1998, to perform a brute force search of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher's key space – that is, to decrypt an encrypted message by trying every possible key. The aim in doing this was to prove that the key size of DES was not sufficient to be secure. Background DES uses a 56-bit key, meaning that there are 256 possible keys under which a message can be encrypted. This is exactly 72,057,594,037,927,936, or approximately 72 quadrillion possible keys. One of the major criticisms of DES, when proposed in 1975, was that the key size was too short. Martin Hellman and Whitfield Diffie of Stanford University estimated that a machine fast enough to test that many keys in a day would have cost about $20 million in 1976, an affordable sum to national intelligence agencies such as the US National Security Agency. Subsequent advances in the price/perf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selected Areas In Cryptography
Selected Areas in Cryptography (SAC) is an international cryptography conference (originally a workshop) held every August in Canada since 1994. The first workshop was organized by Carlisle Adams, Henk Meijer, Stafford Tavares and Paul van Oorschot. Through 1999, SAC was hosted at either Queen's University or Carleton University, but starting in 2000, locations have ranged across Canada. SAC has featured research presentations on many cryptographic topics, with a traditional focus on the design and analysis of block ciphers. SAC is regarded as a high-quality venue for presenting cryptographic results, and is the only cryptography conference held annually in Canada. Since 2003, SAC has included an invited lecture called the Stafford Tavares Lecture, in honor of one of its original organizers and strongest supporters. Each year, SAC features four topics: # Design and analysis of symmetric key primitives and cryptosystems including block and stream ciphers, hash functions, MAC alg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Known Plaintext
The known-plaintext attack (KPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker has access to both the plaintext (called a crib), and its encryption, encrypted version (ciphertext). These can be used to reveal further secret information such as Cryptographic key, secret keys and code books. The term "crib" originated at Bletchley Park, the British World War II decryption operation, where it was defined as: History The usage "crib" was adapted from a slang term referring to cheating (e.g., "I cribbed my answer from your test paper"). A "crib" originally was a literal or interlinear translation of a foreign-language text—usually a Latin or Greek language, Greek text—that students might be assigned to translate from the original language. The idea behind a crib is that cryptologists were looking at incomprehensible ciphertext, but if they had a clue about some word or phrase that might be expected to be in the ciphertext, they would have a "wedge," a test to break into i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
