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Chinvat Bridge
The Chinvat Bridge (Avestan: 饜瑮饜瑢饜饜饜瑎饜瑱饜瑡 饜瑸饜瑘饜饜瑘饜瑱饜瑥饜 ''Cinvat么 Peret没m'', "bridge of judgement" or "beam-shaped bridge") or the Bridge of the Requiter in Zoroastrianism is the sifting bridge, which separates the world of the living from the world of the dead. All souls must cross the bridge upon death. The bridge is guarded by two four-eyed dogs, described in the ''Videvdat'' (Vendidad) 13,9 as 'sp芒na p蓹拧u.p芒na' ("two bridge-guarding dogs"). The Bridge's appearance varies depending on the observer's asha, or righteousness. As related in the text known as the Bundahishn, if a person has been wicked, the bridge will appear narrow and the demon Chinnaphapast will emerge and drag their soul into the druj-demana (the House of Lies), a place of eternal punishment and suffering similar to the concept of Hell. If a person's good thoughts, words and deeds in life are many, the bridge will be wide enough to cross, and the Daena, a spirit representin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avestan Language
Avestan (), or historically Zend, is an umbrella term for two Old Iranian languages: Old Avestan (spoken in the 2nd millennium BCE) and Younger Avestan (spoken in the 1st millennium BCE). They are known only from their conjoined use as the scriptural language of Zoroastrianism, and the Avesta likewise serves as their namesake. Both are early Eastern Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian language branch of the Indo-European language family. Its immediate ancestor was the Proto-Iranian language, a sister language to the Proto-Indo-Aryan language, with both having developed from the earlier Proto-Indo-Iranian language; as such, Old Avestan is quite close in both grammar and lexicon to Vedic Sanskrit, the oldest preserved Indo-Aryan language. The Avestan text corpus was composed in the ancient Iranian satrapies of Arachosia, Aria, Bactria, and Margiana, corresponding to the entirety of present-day Afghanistan as well as parts of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The Y ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islam
Islam (; ar, 蹣丕賱賽廿爻賱賻丕賲, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ''Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the Muhammad in Islam, main and final Islamic prophet.Peters, F. E. 2009. "All膩h." In , edited by J. L. Esposito. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . (See alsoquick reference) "[T]he Muslims' understanding of All膩h is based...on the Qur士膩n's public witness. All膩h is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is All膩h who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Mu岣mmad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.'" It is the Major religious groups, world's second-largest religion behind Christianity, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vaitarna River
The Vaitarna River (IAST: ''Vaitar峁嚹'', pronunciation: 嬌檌t酞蓹删沙a藧 is a river in Nashik and Palghar district of Maharashtra. The Tansa is its left bank tributary and the Pinjal, Dehraja, and Surya are its right bank tributaries. Upper stretches of the Vaitarna are clean but in lower stretches it is polluted due to untreated industrial and civic waste. The Vaitarna is one of the most polluted rivers in India. Course It originates in Sahyadri mountain ranges near Trimbakeshwar. The Vaitarna is just 2 km away from India鈥檚 second longest river, the Godavari. Vaitarna has a confluence with the Tanasa just before it enters the Arabian Sea. Jhow and Wadhiv islands lie in its estuary. Arnala Island lies off its mouth. It has three major dams which supply water to Mumbai. Significance The Vaitarna supplies much of Mumbai's drinking water. It is the largest river in the Northern Konkan region and drains Maharashtra Maharashtra (; , abbr. MH or Maha) is a states a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Matarta
In Mandaean cosmology, a ma峁璦rta ( myz, 唷屶唷堗唷撪唷; plural form: ''ma峁璦rata'') is a "station" or "toll house" that is located between the World of Light (''alma 岣-nh奴ra'') from Tibil (Earth). It has variously been translated as "watch-station", "toll-station", "way-station", or "purgatory". Ma峁璦rtas are guarded by various uthras (celestial beings from the World of Light) and demons. Ruha, the queen of the underworld, is the ruler or guardian of the third ma峁璦rta. To reach the World of Light (''alma 岣-nh奴ra'') from Tibil (Earth), souls must pass through the various ma峁璦rtas that are situated in between. Rituals such as the ''masiqta'' can help guide souls past the various ma峁璦rta so that they could reach the World of Light. In the Ginza Rabba In the Ginza Rabba, Chapter 3 in Book 5 of the ''Right Ginza'', Book 6 of the ''Right Ginza'' (also known as the "Book of Dinanukht"), and Chapter 4 in Book 1 of the ''Left Ginza'' give detailed descriptions of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brig Of Dread
Brig of Dread or Bridge of Dread is a bridge to Purgatory that a dead soul had to cross. Evil souls fall from the bridge into hell. This is a common afterlife theme found in some form or other in many cultures, such as the Chinvat Bridge of Zoroastrianism and As-Sir膩t of Islam. The "Brig o' Dread" is an important element in ''The Lyke-Wake Dirge'', an old Northern English waking song. There is much in that song that seems Germanic heathen. The "Brig o' Dread" is probably related to Bifr枚st (which probably means "trembling-way") or Gjallarbr煤 ("resounding-bridge" or "noisy-bridge") which may be the symbolism here rather than the Christian later folk-etymological explanation.John Christopher Atkinson John Christopher Atkinson (1814鈥1900) was an English author, antiquary, and priest. Life Born on 9 May 1814 at Goldhanger in Essex, where his father was then curate, he was the son of John Atkinson and the grandson of Christopher Atkinson (d. 18 ..., J. R. Smith (1868)''A Glossa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bifr枚st
In Norse mythology, Bifr枚st (), also called Bilr枚st, is a burning rainbow bridge that reaches between Midgard (Earth) and Asgard, the realm of the gods. The bridge is attested as ''Bilr枚st'' in the ''Poetic Edda''; compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and as ''Bifr枚st'' in the ''Prose Edda''; written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and in the poetry of skalds. Both the ''Poetic Edda'' and the ''Prose Edda'' alternately refer to the bridge as 脕sbr煤 (Old Norse "脝sir's bridge").Simek (2007:19). According to the ''Prose Edda'', the bridge ends in heaven at Himinbj枚rg, the residence of the god Heimdall, who guards it from the j枚tnar. The bridge's destruction during Ragnar枚k by the forces of Muspell is foretold. Scholars have proposed that the bridge may have originally represented the Milky Way and have noted parallels between the bridge and another bridge in Norse mythology, Gjallarbr煤. Etymology Scholar Andy Orchard suggests that ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lalish
Lalish ( ku, 賱丕賱卮, translit=Lali艧, also known as Lali艧a N没ran卯) is a mountain valley and temple in Shekhan, Duhok Governorate in Iraq. It is the holiest temple of the Yazidis. It is the location of the tomb of the Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir, a central figure of the Yazidi faith. The temple is above the town of Shekhan, which had the second largest population of Yazidi prior to the persecution of Yazidis by ISIL. The temple is about sixty kilometers north of Mosul and 14 kilometers west from the village Ayn Sifna. The temple is built at about 1,000 meters above sea level and situated among three mountains, Hizrat in the west, Misat in the south and Arafat in the north. At least once in their lifetimes, Yazidis are expected to make a six-day pilgrimage to Lalish to visit the tomb of 艦锚x Ad卯 and other sacred places. These other sacred places are shrines dedicated to other holy beings. There are two sacred springs called Zamzam and the Kaniya Sp卯 (White Spring). Below S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Silat Bridge
In Yazidism, the Silat Bridge is a bridge in Lalish, Iraq that leads to the most holy Yazidi shrine. It symbolizes the connection and crossing over from the profane earthly world and the sacred, esoteric world. As with the Chinvat Bridge in Zoroastrianism, the Silat Bridge in will also play a role at the end of times in Yazidism (Kreyenbroek 2005: 39). Every year, thousands of Yazidi pilgrims arrive at the bridge for the Feast of the Assembly as they cross the bridge to the sacred site of Sheikh Adi's tomb. See also * As-Sir膩t * Bifr枚st * Brig of Dread * Chinvat Bridge * Matarta * Vaitarna River * Otherworld * Zoroastrian eschatology ''Frashokereti'' ( ae, 饜瑹饜饜瑎饜饜瑡飧别惉愷惉嗮惉惉嗮惉欚惉 ') is the Avestan language term (corresponding to Middle Persian ''fra拧(a)gird'' ) for the Zoroastrian doctrine of a final renovation of the universe, when evil will be de ... References Mythological bridges Yazidi mythology {{religion-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yazidism
Yazidism , alternatively Sharfadin is a Monotheism, monotheistic ethnic religion that has roots in a western Ancient Iranian religion, Iranic pre-Zoroastrian religion directly derived from the Indo-Iranians, Indo-Iranian tradition. It is followed by the mainly Kurmanji-speaking Yazidis and is based on belief in one God who created the world and entrusted it into the care of seven Holy Beings, known as Angels. Preeminent among these Angels is Melek Taus, Taw没s锚 Melek (also spelled as "Melek Ta没s"), who is the leader of the Angels and who has authority over the world. History Principal beliefs Yazidis believe in one God, whom they refer to as ', , ', and ' ('King'), and, less commonly, ' and '. According to some Yazidi hymns (known as ''Qewls''), God has 1,001 names, or 3,003 names according to other Qewls. In Yazidism, fire, water, air, and the earth are sacred elements that are not to be polluted. During prayer Yazidis face towards the sun, for which they were often calle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tomb Of Wirkak
The Tomb of Wirkak (Sogdian language, Sogdian: ''wyrk示k''), in Chinese commonly referred to as Tomb of Master Shi ( zh, t=鍙插悰澧, w=Shih3-Ch眉n1 Mu4, p=Sh菒 J奴n M霉), is the grave of the Sogdian ''Sabao'' (Chinese language, Chinese: 钖╀繚, "Protector, Guardian", derived from the Sogdian word s鈥檙tp鈥檞, "caravan leader") Wirkak and his wife Wiyusi, dating from 580 AD (Northern Zhou, Northern Zhou dynasty). The tomb was discovered in 2003 in the east of Jingshang village in Daminggong township, Weiyang District, Xi'an, and excavated between June and October in the same year. It is especially significant for the rich content of the reliefs on the stone structure contained in the tomb and a bilingual epitaph. Sogdian tombs in China are among the most lavish of the period in this country, and are only slightly inferior to Imperial tombs, suggesting that the Sogdian ''Sabao'' were among the wealthiest members of the population. Tomb occupants The bilingual epitaph written in Cl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drawing Of The Eastern Wall Of The Sogdian Wirkak鈥檚 Sarcophagus
Drawing is a form of visual art in which an artist uses instruments to mark paper or other two-dimensional surface. Drawing instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, various kinds of paints, inked brushes, colored pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, erasers, markers, styluses, and metals (such as silverpoint). Digital drawing is the act of drawing on graphics software in a computer. Common methods of digital drawing include a stylus or finger on a touchscreen device, stylus- or finger-to-touchpad, or in some cases, a mouse. There are many digital art programs and devices. A drawing instrument releases a small amount of material onto a surface, leaving a visible mark. The most common support for drawing is paper, although other materials, such as cardboard, wood, plastic, leather, canvas, and board, have been used. Temporary drawings may be made on a blackboard or whiteboard. Drawing has been a popular and fundamental means of public expression throughout human ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
With The People From The Bridge
''With the People from the Bridge'' (Greek: ''螠蔚 蟿慰蠀蟼 伪谓胃蟻蠋蟺慰蠀蟼 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏 纬苇蠁蠀蟻伪'') is the second part of the ''Poena Damni'' trilogy by Greek author Dimitris Lyacos. The book deals with the theme of loss and the return of the dead in the context of Christian teleology. The text is encased in a post-theatrical ritual drama form, drawing on various philosophical and literary sources as well as ancient and modern Greek folklore. The plot-line centers around an Orpheus-like journey of the protagonist LG who joins his deceased companion in the grave and is subsequently led by her to a liminal realm ahead of the imminent Resurrection Day. The work has been categorized by critics to belong to both the Modernist and the Post-Modernist tradition, while at the same time bearing strong affinities to a variety of canonical texts, among others Homer, Dante, Kafka, Joyce and Beckett. Synopsis ''With the People from the Bridge'' follows the main line of narrative of ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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