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Causality (other)
Causality is the influence that connects one process or state, the ''cause'', with another process or state, the ''effect'', where the cause is partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly dependent on the cause. Causality may also refer to: Economics * Granger causality, a statistical hypothesis test * Causal layered analysis, a technique used in strategic planning and futures studies Philosophy * Causal determinism * Causal theory of reference * Causalism * Causality (philosophy) * Fallacy of the single cause * Humean definition of causality * Universal causation, the proposition that everything in the universe has a cause and is thus an effect of that cause Science and engineering * Causality (physics) * Causal sets * Causal dynamical triangulation * Causal filter * Causal perturbation theory * Causal system * Causality loop * Causal structure Other uses * Causal-final case, a grammatical case in Hungarian and Chuvash * Causal loop diagram, infographi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causality
Causality (also referred to as causation, or cause and effect) is influence by which one event, process, state, or object (''a'' ''cause'') contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an ''effect'') where the cause is partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly dependent on the cause. In general, a process has many causes, which are also said to be ''causal factors'' for it, and all lie in its past. An effect can in turn be a cause of, or causal factor for, many other effects, which all lie in its future. Some writers have held that causality is metaphysically prior to notions of time and space. Causality is an abstraction that indicates how the world progresses. As such a basic concept, it is more apt as an explanation of other concepts of progression than as something to be explained by others more basic. The concept is like those of agency and efficacy. For this reason, a leap of intuition may be needed to grasp it. Accordin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causal Perturbation Theory
Causal perturbation theory is a mathematically rigorous approach to renormalization theory, which makes it possible to put the theoretical setup of perturbative quantum field theory on a sound mathematical basis. It goes back to a seminal work by Henri Epstein and Vladimir Jurko Glaser. Overview When developing quantum electrodynamics in the 1940s, Shin'ichiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard Feynman, and Freeman Dyson discovered that, in perturbative calculations, problems with divergent integrals abounded. The divergences appeared in calculations involving Feynman diagrams with closed loops of virtual particles. It is an important observation that in perturbative quantum field theory, time-ordered products of distributions arise in a natural way and may lead to ultraviolet divergences in the corresponding calculations. From the generalized functions point of view, the problem of divergences is rooted in the fact that the theory of distributions is a purely linear theo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causation (other)
Causation may refer to: Philosophy * Causality, a relationship that describes and analyses cause and effect Physics * Causality (physics) Law * Causation (law), a key component to establish liability in both criminal and civil law * Proximate cause, the basis of liability in negligence in the United States * Causation, in English law, defines the requirement for liability in negligence Language * "Correlation does not imply causation", phrase used in the sciences and statistics Sociology * Causation (sociology), the belief that events or actions can directly produce change in another variable in a predictable and observable manner Other uses * Proximate causation, the direct reason behind an event occurring See also * Causality (other) Causality is the influence that connects one process or state, the ''cause'', with another process or state, the ''effect'', where the cause is partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly dependent on th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Casualty (other)
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Casualty may refer to: *Casualty (person), a person who is killed or rendered unfit for service in a war or natural disaster **Civilian casualty, a non-combatant killed or injured in warfare * The emergency department of a hospital, also known as a ''Casualty Department'' or ''Casualty Ward'' (chiefly in the UK and in some English-speaking Commonwealth nations) * ''Casualty'' (TV series), a long-running British emergency medical drama series *''Casualty 1900s'', a British medical drama, then series, including ''Casualty 1906'', ''Casualty 1907'', and ''Casualty 1909'' *Casualty insurance, a type of insurance See also *Casual (other) *Causality (other) Causality is the influence that connects one process or state, the ''cause'', with another process or state, the ''effect'', where the cause is partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly dependent on the cause. Causality may also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causality (video Game)
''Causality'' is a game by British studio Loju. The game is about guiding a group of astronauts to safety. It was released on Steam and later on the iOS App Store. Gameplay The challenge for the player is to guide a group of astronauts to safety, and so complete a level. This is done by using directional cues, portals and time manipulation. The player has to guide the astronauts (which move automatically) to colored end spaces in a variety of environments (such as crystal caves and hazy forests). The player has to complete the level in a certain time frame. As the player advances through a level they can go back in time to find a better solution. There is also a restart button which allows the player to start the level from the beginning. Reception The game received mostly positive reviews. Gamezebo gave the game 4 stars out of 5 praising the fact it was "very challenging and will satisfy hardcore puzzle fans" and that the game had "nice visuals and soundtrack" while crit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causality (book)
''Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference'' (2000; updated 2009) is a book by Judea Pearl. It is an exposition and analysis of causality. It is considered to have been instrumental in laying the foundations of the modern debate on causal inference in several fields including statistics, computer science and epidemiology. In this book, Pearl espouses the Structural Causal Model (SCM) that uses structural equation modeling. This model is a competing viewpoint to the Rubin causal model. Some of the material from the book was reintroduced in the more general-audience targeting The Book of Why. Reviews The book gave Pearl the 2001 Lakatos Award in Philosophy of Science. See also *Causality *Causal inference *Structural equation modeling Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a label for a diverse set of methods used by scientists in both experimental and observational research across the sciences, business, and other fields. It is used most in the social and behavioral sc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causal Markov Condition
The Markov condition, sometimes called the Markov assumption, is an assumption made in Bayesian probability theory, that every node in a Bayesian network is conditionally independent of its nondescendants, given its parents. Stated loosely, it is assumed that a node has no bearing on nodes which do not descend from it. In a DAG, this local Markov condition is equivalent to the global Markov condition, which states that d-separations in the graph also correspond to conditional independence relations. This also means that a node is conditionally independent of the entire network, given its Markov blanket. The related Causal Markov (CM) condition states that, conditional on the set of all its direct causes, a node is independent of all variables which are not effects or direct causes of that node. In the event that the structure of a Bayesian network accurately depicts causality, the two conditions are equivalent. However, a network may accurately embody the Markov condition without ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causal Loop Diagram
A causal loop diagram (CLD) is a causal diagram that aids in visualizing how different variables in a system are causally interrelated. The diagram consists of a set of words and arrows. Causal loop diagrams are accompanied by a narrative which describes the causally closed situation the CLD describes. Closed loops, or causal feedback loops, in the diagram are very important features of CLDs. The words with arrows coming in and out represent variables, or quantities whose value changes over time and the links represent a causal relationship between the two variables (i.e., they do not represent a material flow). A link marked + indicates a positive relation where an increase in the causal variable leads, all else equal, to an increase in the effect variable, or a decrease in the causal variable leads, all else equal, to a decrease in the effect variable. A link marked - indicates a negative relation where an increase in the causal variable leads, all else equal, to a decrease in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causal-final Case
In linguistics, a causative (abbreviated ) is a valency-increasing operationPayne, Thomas E. (1997). Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 173–186. that indicates that a subject either causes someone or something else to do or be something or causes a change in state of a non- volitional event. Normally, it brings in a new argument (the causer), A, into a transitive clause, with the original subject S becoming the object O. All languages have ways to express causation but differ in the means. Most, if not all, languages have specific or ''lexical'' causative forms (such as English ''rise'' → ''raise'', ''lie'' → ''lay'', ''sit'' → ''set''). Some languages also have morphological devices (such as inflection) that change verbs into their causative forms or change adjectives into verbs of ''becoming''. Other languages employ periphrasis, with control verbs, idiomatic expressions or auxiliary verbs. There tends to be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causal Structure
In mathematical physics, the causal structure of a Lorentzian manifold describes the causal relationships between points in the manifold. Introduction In modern physics (especially general relativity) spacetime is represented by a Lorentzian manifold. The causal relations between points in the manifold are interpreted as describing which events in spacetime can influence which other events. The causal structure of an arbitrary (possibly curved) Lorentzian manifold is made more complicated by the presence of curvature. Discussions of the causal structure for such manifolds must be phrased in terms of smooth curves joining pairs of points. Conditions on the tangent vectors of the curves then define the causal relationships. Tangent vectors If \,(M,g) is a Lorentzian manifold (for metric g on manifold M) then the nonzero tangent vectors at each point in the manifold can be classified into three disjoint types. A tangent vector X is: * timelike if \,g(X,X) 0 Here we use the ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causality Loop
A causal loop is a theoretical proposition, wherein by means of either retrocausality or time travel, an event (an action, information, object, or person) is among the causes of another event, which is in turn among the causes of the first-mentioned event. Such causally looped events then exist in spacetime, but their origin cannot be determined. A hypothetical example of a causality loop is given of a billiard ball striking its past self: the billiard ball moves in a path towards a time machine, and the future self of the billiard ball emerges from the time machine ''before'' its past self enters it, giving its past self a glancing blow, altering the past ball's path and causing it to enter the time machine at an angle that would cause its future self to strike its past self the very glancing blow that altered its path. In this sequence of events, the change in the ball's path is its own cause, which might appear paradoxical. Other terms for "causal loop" are bootstrap paradox, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causal System
In control theory, a causal system (also known as a physical or nonanticipative system) is a system where the output depends on past and current inputs but not future inputs—i.e., the output y(t_) depends only on the input x(t) for values of t \le t_. The idea that the output of a function at any time depends only on past and present values of input is defined by the property commonly referred to as causality. A system that has ''some'' dependence on input values from the future (in addition to possible dependence on past or current input values) is termed a non-causal or acausal system, and a system that depends ''solely'' on future input values is an anticausal system. Note that some authors have defined an anticausal system as one that depends solely on future ''and present'' input values or, more simply, as a system that does not depend on past input values. Classically, nature or physical reality has been considered to be a causal system. Physics involving special relat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
