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Cambridge Water Co Ltd V Eastern Counties Leather Plc
''Cambridge Water Co Ltd v Eastern Counties Leather plc'' 994 1 All ER 53 is a case in English tort law that established the principle that claims under nuisance and ''Rylands v Fletcher'' must include a requirement that the damage be foreseeable; it also suggested that ''Rylands'' was a sub-set of nuisance rather than an independent tort, a debate eventually laid to rest in ''Transco plc v Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council''. The Cambridge Water Company were a company responsible for providing potable water to the inhabitants of Cambridge and the surrounding areas. In 1976, they purchased a borehole outside Sawston to deal with rising demand. In 1980, a European Directive was issued requiring nations of the European Community to establish standards on the presence of perchloroethene (PCE) in water, which the United Kingdom did in 1982. It was found that the Sawston borehole was contaminated with PCE that had originated in a tannery owned by Eastern Counties Leather. Prior ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Judicial Functions Of The House Of Lords
Whilst the House of Lords of the United Kingdom is the upper chamber of Parliament and has government ministers, it for many centuries had a judicial function. It functioned as a court of first instance for the trials of peers, for impeachments, and as a court of last resort in the United Kingdom and prior, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of England. Appeals were technically not to the House of Lords, but rather to the King-in-Parliament. In 1876, the Appellate Jurisdiction Act devolved the appellate functions of the House to an Appellate Committee, composed of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (informally referred to as Law Lords). They were then appointed by the Lord Chancellor in the same manner as other judges. During the 20th and early 21st century, the judicial functions were gradually removed. Its final trial of a peer was in 1935, and in 1948, the use of special courts for such trials was abolished. The procedure of impeachment became seen as obsolete. In 2009, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Directive (European Union)
A directive is a legal act of the European Union that requires member states to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result. Directives first have to be enacted into national law by member states before their laws are ruling on individuals residing in their countries. Directives normally leave member states with a certain amount of leeway as to the exact rules to be adopted. Directives can be adopted by means of a variety of legislative procedures depending on their subject matter. The text of a draft directive (if subject to the co-decision process, as contentious matters usually are) is prepared by the Commission after consultation with its own and national experts. The draft is presented to the Parliament and the Council—composed of relevant ministers of member governments, initially for evaluation and comment and then subsequently for approval or rejection. Justification There are justifications for using a directive rather than a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ballard V Tomlinson
Ballard may refer to: People *Ballard (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name) Places Australia * Ballard, Queensland, a locality in the Lockyer Valley Region Ireland * Ballard, Ardnurcher, a townland in Ardnurcher civil parish, barony of Moycashel, County Westmeath *Ballard, County Clare, a townland *Ballard, Portloman, a townland in Portloman civil parish, barony of Corkaree, County Westmeath * Ballard, Rathconrath, a townland in Rathconrath civil parish, barony of Rathconrath, County Westmeath United Kingdom *Ballard Down, an area in Dorset, England *Ballard, County Armagh, a townland in Northern Ireland United States *Ballard, California, a town in the Santa Ynez Valley * Ballard, Kentucky, an unincorporated community *Ballard, Missouri, an unincorporated community in Bates County *Ballard, Seattle, a neighborhood that was once a city before being annexed by Seattle, Washington *Ballard, Utah, a town in Uintah County *Ballard, West Virg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stephen Brown (judge)
Sir Stephen Brown GBE, PC (born ) is a British retired judge. He was a Lord Justice of Appeal and the President of the Family Division of the High Court of England and Wales. Early life and education Brown was born on 3 October 1924 to Wilfrid Brown and Nora Elizabeth Brown of Longdon Green, Staffordshire. He was educated at Malvern College and Queens' College, Cambridge. Career From 1943 to 1946 Brown served in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve as a lieutenant. Brown became a barrister at the Inner Temple in 1949, became a bencherWho's Who 2008 in 1974, and became TreasurerWho's Who 2008 in 1994. He was Deputy Chairman of Staffordshire Quarter SessionsWho's Who 2008 from 1963 to 971, and RecorderWho's Who 2008 of West Bromwich from 1965 to 971. He was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1966. He was a Recorder, and Honorary Recorder of West Bromwich from 1972 to 1975, was a High Court judge, in the Family Division,Who's Who 2008 from 1975 to 1977, and in the Queen's Bench Divisio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Mann (judge)
Sir Michael Mann, PC (9 December 1930 – 14 June 1998) was an English judge. He was a Lord Justice of Appeal from 1988 to 1995. Biography Born in Streatham, Michael was the son of Adrian Bernard Mann, CBE, a civil engineer, and of Mary Louise Man (''née'' Keen). Mann was educated at Whitgift School and King's College, London, where he read Law and took a PhD in international law. Called to the Bar by Gray's Inn in 1953, he worked as a part-time legal assistant at the Foreign Office until 1956 and lectured at the London School of Economics until 1964. He began to practice at the bar in 1955, specialising in planning law. He was Junior Counsel to the Land Commission (Common Law) between 1967 and 1971, and took silk in 1972. He was appointed a recorder in 1979. Mann was appointed a Justice of the High Court in 1982, and was assigned to the Queen's Bench Division. As a trial judge, he presided over the murder trial of Dean Hancock and Russell Shankland, who were convicted of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Nolan, Baron Nolan
Michael Patrick Nolan, Baron Nolan, (10 September 1928 – 22 January 2007) was a judge in the United Kingdom, and from 1994 until 1997 was the first chairman of the Committee on Standards in Public Life. In the words of his obituary in ''The Guardian'', "Lord Nolan .. made a profound mark on national life by substantially cleansing the Augean stable of corrupt politics as founding chairman of the Committee on Standards in Public Life." Early and private life Nolan was the son of James Nolan, a solicitor, and his wife, Jane Nolan. His father's family had left County Kerry in the mid-19th century. Lord Nolan cited his parents as "the first and foremost influences on my life". The Nolan family lived in Bexhill-on-Sea. He, his elder brother, James "Jim" Nolan (died 2001) and his nephews, James, Rossa and Luke, all attended Ampleforth College. After two years of national service in the Royal Artillery, from 1947 to 1949, he read law at Wadham College, Oxford, where he was awarded ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hughes V Lord Advocate
is an important Scottish delict case decided by the House of Lords on causation. The case is also influential in negligence in the English law of tort (even though English law does not recognise " allurement" ''per se''). The case's main significance is that, after the shift within the common law of negligence from strict liability to a reasonable standard of care, this case advocated a middle way, namely: *Even if the loss or harm is not itself foreseeable, liability may arise provided the actual loss falls with a "foreseeable class of harm". This idea was neither developed nor expanded upon, and only one year later the claimant in ''Doughty v Turner Manufacturing'' obtained no remedy ''via'' this "middle way". However, the case was followed in subsequent cases on occupiers' liability. Facts One evening in November 1958 two boys aged 8 and 10 were walking down Russell Road, Edinburgh where some Post Office workers were repairing cables under the street. The men had opened a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd V Morts Dock And Engineering Co Ltd
''Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd'',. commonly known as ''Wagon Mound (No. 1)'', is a landmark tort law case, which imposed a remoteness rule for causation in negligence. The Privy Council held that a party can be held liable only for loss that was reasonably foreseeable. Contributory negligence on the part of the dock owners was also relevant in the decision, and was essential to the outcome, although not central to this case's legal significance. ''The Wagon Mound (No 1)'' should not be confused with the successor case of the ''Overseas Tankship v Miller Steamship'' or "Wagon Mound (No 2)", which concerned the standard of the reasonable man in breach of the duty of care.. Facts Overseas Tankship had a ship, the ''Wagon Mound'', docked in Sydney Harbour in October 1951. The crew had carelessly allowed furnace oil (also referred to as Bunker oil) to leak from their ship. The oil drifted under a wharf thickly coating the water and the shore where ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Royal Courts Of Justice
The Royal Courts of Justice, commonly called the Law Courts, is a court building in Westminster which houses the High Court and Court of Appeal of England and Wales. The High Court also sits on circuit and in other major cities. Designed by George Edmund Street, who died before it was completed, it is a large grey stone edifice in the Victorian Gothic Revival style built in the 1870s and opened by Queen Victoria in 1882. It is one of the largest courts in Europe. It is a Grade I listed building. It is located on Strand within the City of Westminster, near the border with the City of London ( Temple Bar). It is surrounded by the four Inns of Court, St Clement Danes church, The Australian High Commission, King's College London and the London School of Economics. The nearest London Underground stations are Chancery Lane and Temple. The Central Criminal Court, widely known as the Old Bailey after its street, is about to the east—a Crown Court centre with no direct connection ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tanning (leather)
Tanning is the process of treating Skinning, skins and Hide (skin), hides of animals to produce leather. A tannery is the place where the skins are processed. Tanning hide into leather involves a process which permanently alters the protein structure of skin, making it more durable and less susceptible to decomposition and coloring. Before tanning, the skins are dehaired, degreased, desalted and soaked in water over a period of six hours to two days. Historically this process was considered a noxious or "odoriferous trade" and relegated to the outskirts of town. Historically, tanning used tannin, an acidic chemical compound from which the tanning process draws its name, derived from the bark of certain trees. An alternative method, developed in the 1800s, is chrome tanning, where chromium salts are used instead of natural tannins. History The English word for tanning is from medieval Latin , derivative of (oak bark), from French (tanbark), from old-Cornish (red oak). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands within the British Isles. Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland; otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea. The total area of the United Kingdom is , with an estimated 2020 population of more than 67 million people. The United Kingdom has evolved from a series of annexations, unions and separations of constituent countries over several hundred years. The Treaty of Union between the Kingdom of England (which included Wales, annexed in 1542) and the Kingdom of Scotland in 170 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Negligence In English Law
Negligence (Lat. ''negligentia'') is a failure to exercise appropriate and/or ethical ruled care expected to be exercised amongst specified circumstances. The area of tort law known as ''negligence'' involves harm caused by failing to act as a form of ''carelessness'' possibly with extenuating circumstances. The core concept of negligence is that people should exercise reasonable care in their actions, by taking account of the potential harm that they might foreseeably cause to other people or property. Someone who suffers loss caused by another's negligence may be able to sue for damages to compensate for their harm. Such loss may include physical injury, harm to property, psychiatric illness, or economic loss. The law on negligence may be assessed in general terms according to a five-part model which includes the assessment of duty, breach, actual cause, proximate cause, and damages. Elements of negligence claims Some things must be established by anyone who wants to sue in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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