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1981 In Ireland
Events from the year 1981 in Ireland. Incumbents * President: Patrick Hillery * Taoiseach: ** Charles Haughey ( FF) (until 30 June 1981) ** Garret FitzGerald ( FG) (from 30 June 1981) * Tánaiste: ** George Colley ( FF) (until 30 June 1981) ** Michael O'Leary ( Lab) (from 30 June 1981) * Minister for Finance: ** Gene Fitzgerald ( FF) (until 30 June 1981) ** John Bruton ( FG) (from 30 June 1981) * Chief Justice: Tom O'Higgins * Dáil: ** 21st (until 21 May 1981) ** 22nd (from 30 June 1981) * Seanad: ** 14th (until 16 July 1981) ** 15th (from 8 October 1981) Events * 6 February – Attacks on shipping in Lough Foyle (1981-1982): Liverpool-registered coal ship ''Nellie M'' was bombed and sunk by a Provisional Irish Republican Army unit using a hijacked pilot boat in Lough Foyle. * 14 February – Forty-eight young people died in a fire at the Stardust Ballroom in Artane, Dublin. * 1 March – Bobby Sands began a hunger strike in the Maze Prison (Long Kesh) near Lisburn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
President Of Ireland
The president of Ireland ( ga, Uachtarán na hÉireann) is the head of state of Republic of Ireland, Ireland and the supreme commander of the Defence Forces (Ireland), Irish Defence Forces. The president holds office for seven years, and can be elected for a maximum of two terms.Constitution of Ireland: Article 12.3 The president is elected directly by the people, although there is no poll if only one candidate is nominated, which has occurred on six occasions to date. The presidency is largely a figurehead, ceremonial office, but the president does exercise certain limited powers with absolute discretion. The president acts as a representative of the Irish state and guardian of the constitution. The president's official residence is in Phoenix Park, Dublin. The office was established by the Constitution of Ireland in 1937. The first president assumed office in 1938, and Irish head of state from 1936 to 1949, became recognised internationally as head of state in 1949 after the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Members Of The 21st Dáil
The 21st Dáil was elected at the 1977 general election on 16 June 1977 and met on 5 July 1977. The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland, are known as TDs. The 21st Dáil saw a change of Taoiseach from Jack Lynch to Charles Haughey. On 21 May 1981, President Patrick Hillery dissolved the Dáil on the request of Taoiseach Charles Haughey. The 21st Dáil lasted days. Composition of the 21st Dáil In July 1977, Fianna Fáil, denoted with a bullet (), formed the 15th Government of Ireland, a majority government, led by Jack Lynch as Taoiseach. In December 1979, Charles Haughey succeeded as Fianna Fáil leader and Taoiseach, forming the 16th Government of Ireland. Graphical representation This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 21st Dáil from July 1977. This was not the official seating plan. Ceann Comhairle On the meeting of the Dáil, Joseph Brennan (FF) was proposed by Jack Lynch (FF) and se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maze (HM Prison)
Her Majesty's Prison Maze (previously Long Kesh Detention Centre, and known colloquially as The Maze or H-Blocks) was a prison in Northern Ireland that was used to house alleged paramilitary prisoners during the Troubles from August 1971 to September 2000. It was situated at the former Royal Air Force station of Long Kesh, on the outskirts of Lisburn. This was in the townland of Maze, about southwest of Belfast. The prison and its inmates were involved in such events as the 1981 hunger strike. The prison was closed in 2000 and demolition began on 30 October 2006, but on 18 April 2013 it was announced by the Northern Ireland Executive that the remaining buildings would be redeveloped into a peace centre. Background Following the introduction of internment in 1971, Operation Demetrius was implemented by the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and British Army with raids for 452 suspects on 9 August 1971. The RUC and army arrested 342 Irish nationalists, but key Provisional Irish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hunger Strike
A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance in which participants fast as an act of political protest, or to provoke a feeling of guilt in others, usually with the objective to achieve a specific goal, such as a policy change. Most hunger strikers will take liquids but not solid food. In cases where an entity (usually the state) has or is able to obtain custody of the hunger striker (such as a prisoner), the hunger strike is often terminated by the custodial entity through the use of force-feeding. Early history Fasting was used as a method of protesting injustice in pre-Christian Ireland, where it was known as ''Troscadh'' or ''Cealachan''. Detailed in the contemporary civic codes, it had specific rules by which it could be used. The fast was often carried out on the doorstep of the home of the offender. Scholars speculate that this was due to the high importance the culture placed on hospitality. Allowing a person to die at one's doorstep, for a wrong of which o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bobby Sands
Robert Gerard Sands ( ga, Roibeárd Gearóid Ó Seachnasaigh; 9 March 1954 – 5 May 1981) was a member (and leader in the Maze prison) of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) who died on hunger strike while imprisoned at HM Prison Maze in Northern Ireland. Sands helped to plan the 1976 bombing of the Balmoral Furniture Company in Dunmurry, which was followed by a gun battle with the Royal Ulster Constabulary. Sands was arrested while trying to escape and sentenced to 14 years for firearms possession. He was the leader of the 1981 hunger strike in which Irish republican prisoners protested against the removal of Special Category Status. During Sands's strike, he was elected to the British Parliament as an Anti H-Block candidate. His death and those of nine other hunger strikers was followed by a new surge of IRA recruitment and activity. International media coverage brought attention to the hunger strikers, and the republican movement in general, attracting both praise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Artane, Dublin
Artane, sometimes spelt Artaine (), historically TartaineDublin, 1862: Thom's ''Almanac and Official Directory'' is a northside suburb of Dublin city, Ireland. Artane is also a civil parish in the ancient barony of Coolock. Neighbouring districts include Kilmore West, Coolock, Beaumont, Killester, Raheny and Clontarf; to the south is a small locality, Harmonstown, straddling the Raheny-Artane border. History Artaine, now usually ''Artane'', has a recorded history spanning over 900 years, but for much of that time was a quiet rural area. Artane, as described from ''Thom's Almanac and Official Directory: County Dublin Directory'', in 1862: "A village and parish in Coolock barony, Dublin county, three miles (5 km) N. from the General Post Office, Dublin, comprising an area of . Population, 457. The village is on the road to Malahide. The parish, anciently called "Tartaine," for centuries formed part of the estate of the Hollywood family, and the castle of Artane like ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stardust Disaster
The Stardust fire was a fatal fire which took place at the Stardust nightclub in Artane, Dublin, Ireland, in the early hours of 14 February (Valentine's Day) 1981. Some 800 people had attended a disco there, of whom 48 died and 214 were injured as a result of the fire. The club was located where Butterly Business Park now lies, opposite Artane Castle Shopping Centre. The nightclub The building which housed the Stardust was built in 1948. It was initially a food factory, operated by Scott's Foods Ltd. In 1978, the owners of Scott's, the Butterly family, converted the premises into an amenity centre, consisting of a bar, The Silver Swan, a function room, The Lantern Rooms, and a nightclub, The Stardust. The club premises consisted of a dance floor, a stage, two bars and two seating alcoves, the North Alcove and the West Alcove. There were also tables and chairs on the dance floor area. The West Alcove area had enough seats for at least 280 patrons. Fire The fire occurred on 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lough Foyle
Lough Foyle, sometimes Loch Foyle ( or "loch of the lip"), is the estuary of the River Foyle, on the north coast of Ireland. It lies between County Londonderry in Northern Ireland and County Donegal in the Republic of Ireland. Sovereignty over the waters has been in dispute since the Partition of Ireland. Flora and fauna Flora A survey of Lough Foyle was made between March 1937 and June 1939 by Helen Blackler.Blackler, H. 1951. An algal survey of Lough Foyle, Northern Ireland. ''Proc. R. Ir. Acad.'' 54B(6):97 – 139 In this, a map shows the distribution of certain species of algae in the lough and a full annotated list of the algae recorded along with photographs of the different sites. The list included: Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, lichens and two species of ''Zostera''. The marine algae of Lough Foyle are also included in Morton (2003).Morton, O. 2003. The marine macroalgae of County Donegal, Ireland.. ''Bull. Ir. biogeog. Soc.''27: 3 – 164 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Provisional Irish Republican Army
The Irish Republican Army (IRA; ), also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent, socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland. It was the most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It saw itself as the army of the all-island Irish Republic and as the sole legitimate successor to the original IRA from the Irish War of Independence. It was designated a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and an unlawful organisation in the Republic of Ireland, both of whose authority it rejected. The Provisional IRA emerged in December 1969, due to a split within the previous incarnation of the IRA and the broader Irish republican movement. It was initially the minority faction in the split compared to the Official IRA, but became the dominant faction by 1972. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liverpool
Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. With a population of in 2019, it is the 10th largest English district by population and its metropolitan area is the fifth largest in the United Kingdom, with a population of 2.24 million. On the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary, Liverpool historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the county of Lancashire. It became a borough in 1207, a city in 1880, and a county borough independent of the newly-created Lancashire County Council in 1889. Its growth as a major port was paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with general cargo, freight, and raw materials such as coal and cotton, merchants were involved in the slave trade. In the 19th century, Liverpool was a major port of departure for English and Irish emigrants to North America. It was also home to both the Cunard and White Star Lines, and was the port of registry of the ocean li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Attacks On Shipping In Lough Foyle (1981-1982)
Attack may refer to: Warfare and combat * Offensive (military) * Charge (warfare) * Attack (fencing) * Strike (attack) * Attack (computing) * Attack aircraft Books and publishing * ''The Attack'' (novel), a book * ''Attack No. 1'', comic and animation * Attack! Books, a publisher * ''Attack!'' (publication), a tabloid publication of the National Alliance established in 1969. The name was changed to '' National Vanguard'' in 1978 * ''Der Angriff'', a.k.a. ''The Attack'', a newspaper franchise * In newspaper headlines, to save space, sometimes " criticise" Films and television * Attack! The Battle of New Britain a 1944 American armed forces documentary film * ''Attack'' (1956 film), also known as ''Attack!'', a 1956 American war film * ''Attack'' (2016 film), a 2016 Telugu film * ''Attack'' (2022 film), a 2022 Hindi film * ''The Attack'' (1966 film), an Australian television play * ''The Attack'' (2012 film), a 2012 film directed by Ziad Doueiri * "The Attack" (''Austra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Members Of The 15th Seanad
This is a list of the members of the 15th Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland. These Senators were elected or appointed in 1981, after the 1981 general election and served until the close of poll for the 16th Seanad in 1982. Composition of the 15th Seanad There are a total of 60 seats in the Seanad. 43 Senators are elected by the Vocational panels, 6 elected by the Universities and 11 are nominated by the Taoiseach. The following table shows the composition by party when the 15th Seanad first met on 8 October 1981. List of senators Changes See also *Members of the 22nd Dáil *Government of the 22nd Dáil The Government of the 22nd Dáil or the 17th Government of Ireland (30 June 1981 – 9 March 1982) was the government of Ireland formed after the 1981 general election. It was a minority coalition government of Fine Gael and the Labour Part ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
