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1802 In France
Events from the year 1802 in France. Incumbents * The French Consulate Events *23 February - Haitian Revolution: Battle of Ravine-à-Couleuvres, French victory. *4 March-24 March - Haitian Revolution: Battle of Crête-à-Pierrot, French victory, taking a besieged fort from Haitian forces. *25 March - Treaty of Amiens, temporarily ended hostilities between France and the United Kingdom during the French Revolutionary Wars. *8 April - Organic Articles presented by Napoleon. *26 April - General amnesty signed by Napoleon Bonaparte allowed all but about one thousand of the most notorious émigrés of the French Revolution to return to France. *10 May - Constitutional Referendum ratified the new constitution of the Consulate, which made Napoleon Bonaparte First Consul for life. *19 May - Napoleon establishes the ''légion d'honneur'' (Legion of Honour). *20 May - Napoleon Bonaparte reinstates slavery in the French colonies, which had been abolished during the French Revolution. *8 June ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Consulate
The Consulate (french: Le Consulat) was the top-level Government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire on 10 November 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire on 18 May 1804. By extension, the term ''The Consulate'' also refers to this period of French history. During this period, Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul (), established himself as the head of a more authoritarian, autocratic, and centralized republican government in France while not declaring himself sole ruler. Due to the long-lasting institutions established during these years, Robert B. Holtman has called the Consulate "one of the most important periods of all French history." Napoleon brought authoritarian personal rule which has been viewed as military dictatorship. Fall of the Directory government French military disasters in 1798 and 1799 had shaken the Directory, and eventually shattered it in November 1799. Historians sometimes date the start of the political dow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toussaint Louverture
François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture (; also known as Toussaint L'Ouverture or Toussaint Bréda; 20 May 1743 – 7 April 1803) was a Haitian general and the most prominent leader of the Haitian Revolution. During his life, Louverture first fought against the French, then for them, and then finally against France again for the cause of Haitian independence. As a revolutionary leader, Louverture displayed military and political acumen that helped transform the fledgling slave rebellion into a revolutionary movement. Louverture is now known as the "Father of Haiti". Louverture was born enslaved on the French colony of Saint-Domingue, now known as Haiti. He was a devout Catholic who became a freeman before the revolution and, once freed, identified as a Frenchman for the greater part of his life. During his time as a freeman he attempted to climb the highly stratified social ladder on the island, combatting racism whilst gaining and losing much wealth while working as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1885 In France
Events from the year 1885 in France. Incumbents *President of France, President: Jules Grévy *Prime Minister of France, President of the Council of Ministers: Jules Ferry (until 6 April), Henri Brisson (starting 6 April) Events * 28 February – Siege of Tuyên Quang ends, as French Foreign Legion is relieved after being besieged by forces of the Late Imperial China, Empire of China. * 23 March – Battle of Bang Bo in Vietnam, significant battle of the Sino-French War and French defeat. Led to the Tonkin Affair, a major political crisis. * 28 March – French abandon Lạng Sơn. * 9 June – Sino-French War ends as treaty is signed. * 14 October – 1885 French legislative election, Legislative Election held. * 18 October – Legislative Election held. Births January to June * 8 January – Charles Basle, motor racing driver (died 1962 in France, 1962) * 22 January – Eugène Christophe, cyclist (died 1970 in France, 1970) * 28 January – Maurice Brocco, cyclist (died 1965 i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Politician
A politician is a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking an elected office in government. Politicians propose, support, reject and create laws that govern the land and by an extension of its people. Broadly speaking, a politician can be anyone who seeks to achieve political power in a government. Identity Politicians are people who are politically active, especially in party politics. Political positions range from local governments to state governments to federal governments to international governments. All ''government leaders'' are considered politicians. Media and rhetoric Politicians are known for their rhetoric, as in speeches or campaign advertisements. They are especially known for using common themes that allow them to develop their political positions in terms familiar to the voters. Politicians of necessity become expert users of the media. Politicians in the 19th century made heavy use of newspapers, magazines, and pamphlets, as well ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Playwright
A playwright or dramatist is a person who writes plays. Etymology The word "play" is from Middle English pleye, from Old English plæġ, pleġa, plæġa ("play, exercise; sport, game; drama, applause"). The word "wright" is an archaic English term for a craftsman or builder (as in a wheelwright or cartwright). The words combine to indicate a person who has "wrought" words, themes, and other elements into a dramatic form—a play. (The homophone with "write" is coincidental.) The first recorded use of the term "playwright" is from 1605, 73 years before the first written record of the term "dramatist". It appears to have been first used in a pejorative sense by Ben Jonson to suggest a mere tradesman fashioning works for the theatre. Jonson uses the word in his Epigram 49, which is thought to refer to John Marston: :''Epigram XLIX — On Playwright'' :PLAYWRIGHT me reads, and still my verses damns, :He says I want the tongue of epigrams ; :I have no salt, no bawdry he doth mea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Victor Hugo
Victor-Marie Hugo (; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romantic writer and politician. During a literary career that spanned more than sixty years, he wrote in a variety of genres and forms. He is considered to be one of the greatest French writers of all time. His most famous works are the novels ''The Hunchback of Notre-Dame'' (1831) and ''Les Misérables'' (1862). In France, Hugo is renowned for his poetry collections, such as (''The Contemplations'') and (''The Legend of the Ages''). Hugo was at the forefront of the Romanticism, Romantic literary movement with his play ''Cromwell (play), Cromwell'' and drama ''Hernani (drama), Hernani''. Many of his works have inspired music, both during his lifetime and after his death, including the opera ''Rigoletto'' and the musicals ''Les Misérables (musical), Les Misérables'' and ''Notre-Dame de Paris (musical), Notre-Dame de Paris''. He produced more than 4,000 drawings in his lifetime, and campaigned for social cau ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1865 In France
The following lists events that happened during 1865 in the French Empire. Incumbents * Monarch – Napoleon III Events *1 January - The French government suppresses promulgation of the Papal "''Syllabus of Errors''" from the pulpit. *3 November - Opening of the first Printemps department store, in Paris. *6 December - Treaty with Monaco. *Count Alexandre Colonna-Walewski, son of Napoleon, becomes President of the Corps législatif. *Flag reformed. Arts and literature *1 January - Hector Berlioz finishes his memoirs. *Édouard Manet's painting ''Olympia'' is first exhibited, at the Salon (Paris), and causes controversy. *Jean-François Millet's painting '' The Angelus'' (''L'Angélus'') is first exhibited and becomes very popular in France. Births *20 January - Yvette Guilbert, singer and actress (died 1944) *9 June - Albéric Magnard, composer (died 1914) *23 September - Baroness Emma Orczy, writer (died 1947) *1 October - Paul Dukas, composer and teacher (died 1935) *8 Dec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexis De Tocqueville
Alexis Charles Henri Clérel, comte de Tocqueville (; 29 July 180516 April 1859), colloquially known as Tocqueville (), was a French aristocrat, diplomat, political scientist, political philosopher and historian. He is best known for his works ''Democracy in America'' (appearing in two volumes, 1835 and 1840) and ''The Old Regime and the Revolution'' (1856). In both, he analyzed the living standards and social conditions of individuals as well as their relationship to the market and state in Western societies. ''Democracy in America'' was published after Tocqueville's travels in the United States and is today considered an early work of sociology and political science. Tocqueville was active in French politics, first under the July Monarchy (1830–1848) and then during the Second Republic (1849–1851) which succeeded the February 1848 Revolution. He retired from political life after Louis Napoléon Bonaparte's 2 December 1851 coup and thereafter began work on ''The Old Regi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gustave De Beaumont
Comte Gustave Auguste Bonnin de la Bonninière de Beaumont (1802 – 1866) was a French magistrate, prison reformer, and travel companion to the famed philosopher and politician Alexis de Tocqueville. While he was very successful in his lifetime, he is often overlooked and his name is synonymous with Tocqueville's achievements. Early life Beaumont was born in 1802 in Beaumont-la-Chartre, Sarthe, to the count Jules de Beaumont and Rose Préau de la Baraudière. He was the youngest of four children. Beaumont spent his early years in the chateau de La Borde in his birthplace. Like Tocqueville, Beaumont came from nobility; he was a descendant of the Bonin de la Bonnière family. Career in law In 1826, Beaumont acquired the position of King's Prosecutor at the Tribunal de Première Instance at Versailles. It was during this tenure that he first met Alexis de Tocqueville, and they became friends. Although Beaumont's eloquence and verve contrasted greatly with Tocqueville's bad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1878 In France
Events from the year 1878 in France. Incumbents *President: Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta *President of the Council of Ministers: Jules Armand Dufaure Events * 1 May–10 November – Exposition Universelle in Paris; the head of the Statue of Liberty is a principal exhibit. * May – Chemins de fer de l'État formed to take over ten small railway companies operating between the Loire and Garonne. Births January to June * 5 February – Jean Becquerel, physicist (died 1953) * 5 February – André Citroën, automobile pioneer (died 1935) * 21 February – Mirra Alfassa, spiritual leader (died 1973) * 28 February – Pierre Fatou, mathematician (died 1929) * 24 March – René Baudichon, sculptor and medallist (died 1963) * 2 April – Émilie Charmy, artist (died 1974) * 17 April – Albert Canet, tennis player * 3 May – Jean Chiappe, civil servant (died 1940) * 26 May – Charles Burguet, film director (died 1946) * 28 May – Paul Pelliot, sinologist and explorer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bishopric Of Orléans
In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop. History In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associated in a larger unit, the diocese (Latin ''dioecesis'', from the Greek term διοίκησις, meaning "administration"). Christianity was given legal status in 313 with the Edict of Milan. Churches began to organize themselves into dioceses based on the civil dioceses, not on the larger regional imperial districts. These dioceses were often smaller than the provinces. Christianity was declared the Empire's official religion by Theodosius I in 380. Constantine I in 318 gave litigants the right to have court cases transferred from the civil courts to the bishops. This situation must have hardly survived Julian, 361–363. Episcopal courts are not heard of again in the East until 398 and in the West in 408. The quality of these courts was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Félix Dupanloup
Mgr. Félix Antoine Philibert Dupanloup (3 January 180211 October 1878) was a French ecclesiastic. He was among the leaders of Liberal Catholicism in France. Biography Dupanloup was born at Saint-Félix, in Haute-Savoie, an illegitimate son of Prince Camillo Borghese. In his earliest years he was confided to the care of his brother, a priest in the diocese of Chambéry. In 1810 he was sent to a ''pensionnat ecclésiastique'' at Paris. Thence he went to the seminary of Saint-Nicolas-du-Chardonnet in 1813, and was transferred to the seminary of Saint Sulpice at Paris in 1820. In 1825 he was ordained priest, and was appointed vicar of the Madeleine at Paris. For a time he was tutor to the Orléans princes. He became the founder of a celebrated academy at St Hyacinthe, and received a letter from Gregory XVI lauding his work there, and calling him ''Apostolus juventutis''. He was elected to the Académie française in 1854, occupying the thirty-eighth chair, becoming leader of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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