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1765 In Science
The year 1765 in science and technology involved several significant events. Astronomy * February 8 – Nevil Maskelyne becomes Astronomer Royal in England. Technology * May – James Watt makes a breakthrough in the development of the steam engine by constructing a model with a separate condenser. * October 15 – Gribeauval system for manufacture of cannon introduced in France by royal decree. * Timișoara Fortress construction completed by the Habsburg Empire. Zoology * Saverio Manetti begins publication of his ''Storia naturale degli uccelli, trattata con metodo e adornata di figure intagliate in rame e miniate al naturale. Ornithologia methodice digesta atque iconibus aeneis ad vivum illuminatis ornate'' ("Natural History of the Birds, treated systematically and adorned with copperplate engraving illustrations, in miniature and life-size") in Florence. Awards * Copley Medal: Not awarded Births * March 7 – Nicéphore Niépce, French inventor (died 1833) * Nove ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Fulton
Robert Fulton (November 14, 1765 – February 24, 1815) was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing the world's first commercially successful steamboat, the (also known as ''Clermont''). In 1807, that steamboat traveled on the Hudson River with passengers from New York City to Albany and back again, a round trip of , in 62 hours. The success of his steamboat changed river traffic and trade on major American rivers. In 1800, Fulton had been commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte, leader of France, to attempt to design a submarine; he produced , the first practical submarine in history. Fulton is also credited with inventing some of the world's earliest naval torpedoes for use by the Royal Navy.Best, Nicholas (2005). ''Trafalgar: The Untold Story of the Greatest Sea Battle in History''. London: Phoenix. . Fulton became interested in steam engines and the idea of steamboats in 1777 when he was around age 12 and visited state delegate William Henry o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Czech People
The Czechs ( cs, Češi, ; singular Czech, masculine: ''Čech'' , singular feminine: ''Češka'' ), or the Czech people (), are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe, who share a common ancestry, culture, history, and the Czech language. Ethnic Czechs were called Bohemians in English until the early 20th century, referring to the former name of their country, Bohemia, which in turn was adapted from the late Iron Age tribe of Celtic Boii. During the Migration Period, West Slavic tribes settled in the area, "assimilated the remaining Celtic and Germanic populations", and formed a principality in the 9th century, which was initially part of Great Moravia, in form of Duchy of Bohemia and later Kingdom of Bohemia, the predecessors of the modern republic. The Czech diaspora is found in notable numbers in the United States, Canada, Israel, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, Ukraine, Switzerland, Italy, the United Kingdom, Australia, France, Rus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Václav Prokop Diviš
Václav () is a Czech male first name of Slavic origin, sometimes translated into English as Wenceslaus or Wenceslas. These forms are derived from the old Slavic/Czech form of this name: Venceslav. Nicknames are: Vašek, Vašík, Venca, Venda For etymology and cognates in other languages, see Wenceslaus. Václav or Vácslav * Saint Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia (907–935 or 929) (svatý Václav) * Václav Noid Bárta, singer, songwriter, and actor * Václav Binovec, Czech film director and screenwriter * Václav Brožík, painter * Václav Hanka, philologist * Václav Havel, last President of Czechoslovakia (1989 – 1992) and first President of the Czech Republic (1993 – 2003) * Václav Holek, Designer of the ZB-26 light machinegun for Zbrojovka Brno and its descendants * Václav Hollar, graphic artist * Vaclav Jelinek, a Czechoslovak spy, who worked in London under the assumed identity of Erwin van Haarlem * Václav Jiráček, Czech actor * Václav Jírů, Czech photog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1704 In Science
The year 1704 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * ''approx. date'' – The first modern orrery is built by George Graham and Thomas Tompion. Earth sciences * An earthquake strikes Gondar in Ethiopia. Meteorology * Daniel Defoe documents the Great Storm of 1703 with eyewitness testimonies in '' The Storm'' (London). Physics * Isaac Newton releases a record of experiments and the deductions made from them in ''Opticks'', a major contribution in study of optics and refraction of light. * Pierre Varignon invents the U-tube manometer, a device capable of measuring rarefaction in gases. Technology * The second electric machine is invented by British engineer Francis Hauksbee the elder ( 1660–1713): it is a sphere of glass rotated by a wheel. * For watch movements, Peter Debaufre invents the Debaufre escapement, the first frictional rest watch escapement produced: the escapement consists of two saw-tooth escape wheels of the same count. * Fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English People
The English people are an ethnic group and nation native to England, who speak the English language in England, English language, a West Germanic languages, West Germanic language, and share a common history and culture. The English identity is of History of Anglo-Saxon England, Anglo-Saxon origin, when they were known in Old English as the ('race or tribe of the Angles'). Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD. The English largely descend from two main historical population groups the West Germanic tribes (the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians) who settled in southern Britain following the withdrawal of the Ancient Rome, Romans, and the Romano-British culture, partially Romanised Celtic Britons already living there.Martiniano, R., Caffell, A., Holst, M. et al. Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons. Nat Commun 7, 10326 (2016). https://doi.org/10 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Richard Pococke
Richard Pococke (19 November 1704 – 25 September 1765)''Notes and Queries'', p. 129. was an English-born churchman, inveterate traveller and travel writer. He was the Bishop of Ossory (1756–65) and Meath (1765), both dioceses of the Church of Ireland. However, he is best known for his travel writings and diaries. Biography Pococke was born in Southampton and educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, receiving a Bachelor of Law degree. His father was the Reverend Richard Pococke and his mother was Elizabeth Milles, the daughter of Rev. Isaac Milles ''the younger'', son of Rev. Isaac Milles (1638–1720). His parents were married on 26 April 1698. Pococke's uncle, Thomas Milles, was a professor of Greek. He was also distantly related to Edward Pococke, the English Orientalist and biblical scholar.''Nichols'', p. 157. Rev. Jeremiah II Milles (1714–1784) was a first cousin. His family connections meant he advanced rapidly in the church, becoming vicar-general of the Dioce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1713 In Science
The year 1713 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * John Rowley of London produces an orrery to a commission by Charles Boyle, 4th Earl of Orrery. Mathematics * September 9 – Nicolas Bernoulli first describes the St. Petersburg paradox in a letter to Pierre Raymond de Montmort. * November 13 – James Waldegrave provides the first known minimax mixed strategy solution to a two-person game, in a letter to de Montmort. * Jacob Bernoulli's best known work, ''Ars Conjectandi'' (''The Art of Conjecture''), is published posthumously by his nephew. It contains a mathematical proof of the law of large numbers, the Bernoulli numbers, and other important research in probability theory and enumeration. Medicine * William Cheselden publishes ''Anatomy of the Human Body'' and it becomes a popular work on anatomy, at least in part due to it being written in English rather than Latin. * Italian Bernardino Ramazzini provides one of the first descriptions of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexis Clairaut
Alexis Claude Clairaut (; 13 May 1713 – 17 May 1765) was a French mathematician, astronomer, and geophysicist. He was a prominent Newtonian whose work helped to establish the validity of the principles and results that Sir Isaac Newton had outlined in the '' Principia'' of 1687. Clairaut was one of the key figures in the expedition to Lapland that helped to confirm Newton's theory for the figure of the Earth. In that context, Clairaut worked out a mathematical result now known as "Clairaut's theorem". He also tackled the gravitational three-body problem, being the first to obtain a satisfactory result for the apsidal precession of the Moon's orbit. In mathematics he is also credited with Clairaut's equation and Clairaut's relation. Biography Childhood and early life Clairaut was born in Paris, France, to Jean-Baptiste and Catherine Petit Clairaut. The couple had 20 children, however only a few of them survived childbirth. His father taught mathematics. Alexis was a prodigy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1711 In Science
{{Science year nav, 1711 The year 1711 in science and technology involved some significant events. Biology * Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli shows that coral is an animal rather than a plant as previously thought. Mathematics * Giovanni Ceva publishes ''De Re Nummeraria'' (''Concerning Money Matters''), one of the first books on mathematical economics. * John Keill, writing in the journal of the Royal Society and with Isaac Newton's presumed blessing, accuses Gottfried Leibniz of having plagiarized Newton's calculus, formally starting the Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy. Technology * John Shore invents the tuning fork Births * May 18 – Ruđer Bošković, Ragusan polymath (died 1787) * July 22 – Georg Wilhelm Richmann, Russian physicist (died 1753) * September 22 – Thomas Wright, English astronomer, mathematician, instrument maker, architect, garden designer, antiquary and genealogist (died 1786) * October 31 – Laura Bassi, Italian scientist (died 1778) * November 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mikhail Lomonosov
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; russian: Михаил (Михайло) Васильевич Ломоносов, p=mʲɪxɐˈil vɐˈsʲilʲjɪvʲɪtɕ , a=Ru-Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov.ogg; – ) was a Russian Empire, Russian polymath, scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries were the atmosphere of Venus and the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions. His spheres of science were natural science, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, history, art, philology, optical devices and others. The founder of modern geology,Vernadsky, V. (1911) Pamyati M.V. Lomonosova. Zaprosy zhizni, 5: 257-262 (in Russian) [In memory of M.V. Lomonosov] Lomonosov was also a poet and influenced the formation of the modern Russian language, Russian literary language. Early life and family Lomonosov was born in the village of Kholmogorsky District, Mishaninskaya (later renamed Lomonosovo, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Lomonosovo in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1825 In Science
The year 1825 science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy * Pierre-Simon Laplace completes his study of gravitation, the stability of the Solar System, tides, the precession of the equinoxes, the libration of the Moon, and Saturn's rings in publishing the fifth and final volume of ''Mécanique Céleste'' (Celestial Mechanics). Biology * Richard Harlan publishes ''Fauna Americana''. * Charles Waterton publishes ''Wanderings in South America, the North-west of the United States, and the Antilles, in the years 1812, 1816, 1820, and 1824; with original instructions for the perfect preservation of birds, &c. for cabinets of natural history''. * Cox's Orange Pippin apple cultivar first grown, at Colnbrook in Buckinghamshire, England, by horticulturist and retired brewer Richard Cox. Chemistry * Michael Faraday isolates benzene as ''Bicarburet of Hydrogen''. * Hans Christian Ørsted reduces aluminium chloride to produce metallic aluminium in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
