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1693 In Science
The year 1693 in science and technology involved some significant events. Actuarial science * Edmond Halley publishes an article in ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' on life annuities featuring a life table constructed on the basis of statistics from Breslau provided by Caspar Neumann. Botany * Publication of Charles Plumier's first work, ''Description des plantes de l'Amérique'', in Paris, principally devoted to ferns. Mathematics * Bernard Frénicle de Bessy's , a treatise on magic squares, is published posthumously, describing all 880 essentially different normal magic squares of order 4. Physiology and medicine * Flemish anatomist Philip Verheyen, in his widely used text ''Corporis Humani Anatomia'', is the first to record the name of the Achilles tendon. Births * March – James Bradley, Astronomer Royal (died 1762) Deaths * February 18 – Elias Tillandz, Swedish physician and botanist in Finland (born 1640) * October 4 – Sir Thomas Clayton, Engli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philip Verheyen
Philip Verheyen (Verrebroek, April 23, 1648 – Leuven, January 28, 1710) was a Flemish surgeon, anatomist and author. As the third child of seven, Verheyen was born in Verrebroek, in modern Belgium (most likely in his parents' house, standing on a small plot of owned land in the area called "Borring", close to the border with Meerdonk), to Thomas Verheyen and Joanna Goeman. He was baptized in the parish church of Verrebroek on 24 April 1648. Little is known of his childhood. As a young boy he was probably a cowherd, and it is assumed that he learned to read and write at the local parish school. Local folk tales claim that he had such a brilliant memory that he could recite the pastor's sermon after attending mass on Sunday. The pastor of the village took him under his wing and he was sent to Leuven in 1672 where he spent three years at Trinity College Trinity College may refer to: Australia * Trinity Anglican College, an Anglican coeducational primary and secondary school in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1693 In Science
The year 1693 in science and technology involved some significant events. Actuarial science * Edmond Halley publishes an article in ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' on life annuities featuring a life table constructed on the basis of statistics from Breslau provided by Caspar Neumann. Botany * Publication of Charles Plumier's first work, ''Description des plantes de l'Amérique'', in Paris, principally devoted to ferns. Mathematics * Bernard Frénicle de Bessy's , a treatise on magic squares, is published posthumously, describing all 880 essentially different normal magic squares of order 4. Physiology and medicine * Flemish anatomist Philip Verheyen, in his widely used text ''Corporis Humani Anatomia'', is the first to record the name of the Achilles tendon. Births * March – James Bradley, Astronomer Royal (died 1762) Deaths * February 18 – Elias Tillandz, Swedish physician and botanist in Finland (born 1640) * October 4 – Sir Thomas Clayton, Engli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endeavour (journal)
''Endeavour'' is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Elsevier. It began as a scientific review publication published by Imperial Chemical Industries in 1942, and since has evolved into a scholarly journal covering the fields of history and philosophy of science, technology, and medicine. Its editor-in-chief is Don Opitz (DePaul University). History The journal was established during World War II, releasing its first issue in January 1942. It began as a scientific review journal published by the public relations department of Imperial Chemical Industries, with support from the British government. It was initially published in English, French, German, and Spanish editions. It later added an Italian edition. Through the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, the journal was distributed to scientists and academic libraries around Europe in an effort to promote scientific internationalism. ICI continued to run the journal as its house technical publication until January 1977, whe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1647 In Science
The year 1647 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Johannes Hevelius publishes the first comparatively detailed map of the Moon in his ''Selenographia'' ( Danzig). Births * January 17 – Elisabeth Hevelius, Danzig astronomer (died 1693) * March 20 – Jean de Hautefeuille, French inventor (died 1724) * April 2 – Maria Sybilla Merian, German lepidopterist (died 1717) * August 22 – Denis Papin, French physicist (died c. 1712) * December 7 – Giovanni Ceva, Italian mathematician (died 1734) Deaths * March 29 – Charles Butler, English beekeeper (born 1560) * October 8 – Christen Sørensen Longomontanus, Danish astronomer (born 1562) * October 25 – Evangelista Torricelli, Italian physicist and mathematician (born 1608 Events January–June * January – In the Colony of Virginia, Powhatan releases Captain John Smith. * January 2 – The first of the Jamestown supply missions returns to the Colony of Virginia wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elisabeth Hevelius
Elisabeth Catherina Koopmann-Hevelius (in Polish called ''Elżbieta Heweliusz''; January 17, 1647–December 22, 1693) is considered one of the first female astronomers. Originally from Danzig, Poland, she contributed to improve the work and observations done together with her husband Johannes Hevelius. Early life Elisabeth Koopmann (or Kaufmann, german: "merchant") was, like Hevelius and his first wife, a member of a rich merchant family in the city of Danzig (Gdańsk) located in Pomeranian Voivodeship of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and a member of the trade organisation called Hansa. Elisabetha Koopman's parents were Nicholas Koopman (the Dutch word for "Merchant") (1601-1672) who was a prosperous merchant and Joanna Mennings (or Menninx) (1602-1679). Nicholas and Joanna were married in Amsterdam in 1633. They moved from Amsterdam to Hamburg then, in 1636, they moved to Danzig. It was in this city, largely German speaking but a part of Poland at the time, that their d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Clayton (physician)
Sir Thomas Clayton (c 1612 – 4 October 1693), known in his father's lifetime as Thomas Clayton the Younger, was an English physician and professor of medicine who sat in the House of Commons in 1660. Clayton was the son of Thomas Clayton MD of Oxford, the last Principal of Broadgates Hall and the first Master of Pembroke College. He matriculated there on 25 May 1627, aged fifteen, and was graduated BA on 22 January 1629, MA on 17 October 1631. He was of Gray's Inn in 1633. Further awards from Oxford were B.Med. on 18 July 1635 and D.Med. on 19 June 1639. He was Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford from 1647 to 1665, succeeding his father. In 1660, Clayton was elected one of the two Members of Parliament for Oxford University in the Convention Parliament. He was knighted on 27 March 1661. From 1661 to 1693 he was warden of Merton College, Oxford Merton College (in full: The House or College of Scholars of Merton in the University of Oxford) is one of the Colleges of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1640 In Science
The year 1640 in science and technology involved some significant events. Botany * John Parkinson publishes ''Theatrum Botanicum:The Theater of Plants, or, An Herbal of a Large Extent''. Mathematics * The 16-year-old Blaise Pascal demonstrates the properties of the ''hexagrammum mysticum'' in his ''Essai pour les coniques'' which he sends to Mersenne. * October 18 – Fermat states his " little theorem" in a letter to Frénicle de Bessy: if ''p'' is a prime number, then for any integer ''a'', ''a'' ''p'' − ''a'' will be divisible by ''p''. * December 25 – Fermat claims a proof of the theorem on sums of two squares in a letter to Mersenne ("Fermat's Christmas Theorem"): an odd prime ''p'' is expressible as the sum of two squares. Technology * The micrometer is developed. * A form of bayonet is invented; in later years it will gradually replace the pike. * The reticle telescope is developed and initiates the birth of sharpshooting. Births * April 1 – Ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elias Tillandz
Elias Tillandz (1640–1693; born Tillander) was a Swedish-born doctor and botanist who worked in Finland. He was the professor of medicine at the Academy of Turku. He wrote the country's first botanical work, the '' Catalogus Plantarum'', which was first published in 1673. As a doctor he also prepared medicines for his patients by using his extensive knowledge of plants. According to legend, Tillandz (''Till lands'' means ''by land'' in Swedish) changed his name from Tillander to Tillandz when, as a student, he travelled by boat from Turku to Stockholm. On the way, he became so seasick that he returned by walking around the Gulf of Bothnia, a distance of some 1000 kilometers. A genus of epiphytic plants, ''Tillandsia'', was named after Tillandz by Carl Linnaeus. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation when citing a botanical name A botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the '' International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1762 In Science
The year 1762 in science and technology involved some significant events. Biology * Charles Bonnet's ''Considerations sur les corps organisées'' is published in Amsterdam, synthesising current knowledge of cell biology and presenting his theory of palingenesis, intended to refute the theory of Epigenesis (biology), epigenesis. * Courses begin at the first veterinary school, established by Claude Bourgelat in Lyon. Mathematics * September – The Equitable Life Assurance Society, Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorships is established in London, pioneering mutual insurance using a method of actuarial science devised by mathematician James Dodson (mathematician), James Dodson. * Joseph-Louis Lagrange discovers the divergence theorem. Pharmacology * Antoine Baumé publishes his textbook ''Éléments de pharmacie théorique et pratique'' in Paris. Physics * Joseph Black first makes known his discoveries on latent heat, in Glasgow. Awards * Copley Medal: Not awa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astronomer Royal
Astronomer Royal is a senior post in the Royal Households of the United Kingdom. There are two officers, the senior being the Astronomer Royal dating from 22 June 1675; the junior is the Astronomer Royal for Scotland dating from 1834. The post was created by King Charles II in 1675, at the same time as he founded the Royal Observatory Greenwich. He appointed John Flamsteed, instructing him "." The Astronomer Royal was director of the Royal Observatory Greenwich from the establishment of the post in 1675 until 1972. The Astronomer Royal became an honorary title in 1972 without executive responsibilities and a separate post of Director of the Royal Greenwich Observatory was created to manage the institution. The Astronomer Royal today receives a stipend of 100 GBP per year and is a member of the Royal Household, under the general authority of the Lord Chamberlain. After the separation of the two offices, the position of Astronomer Royal has been largely honorary, though the ho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Bradley
James Bradley (1692–1762) was an English astronomer and priest who served as the third Astronomer Royal from 1742. He is best known for two fundamental discoveries in astronomy, the aberration of light (1725–1728), and the nutation of the Earth's axis (1728–1748). These two discoveries were called "the most brilliant and useful of the century" by Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre, historian of astronomy, mathematical astronomer and director of the Paris Observatory. In his ''History of astronomy in the 18th century'' (1821), Delambre stated:"It is to these two discoveries by Bradley that we owe the exactness of modern astronomy. ... This double service assures to their discoverer the most distinguished place (after Hipparchus and Kepler) above the greatest astronomers of all ages and all countries." Biography Bradley was born at Sherborne, near Cheltenham in Gloucestershire, to William Bradley and Jane Pound in September 1692. His nephew John was also an astronomer. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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