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Bus Massacre
The 1975 Beirut bus massacre ( ar, مجزرة بوسطة عين الرمانة ,مجزرة عين الرمانة), also known as the Ain el-Rammaneh incident and the "Black Sunday", was the collective name given to a short series of armed clashes involving Phalangist and Palestinian elements in the streets of central Beirut, which is commonly presented as the spark that set off the Lebanese Civil War in the mid-1970s. Background Early in the morning of April 13, 1975, outside the Church of Notre Dame de la Delivrance at the predominantly Maronite inhabited district of Ain el-Rammaneh in East Beirut, an altercation occurred between half a dozen armed Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) guerrillas (Arabic: ''Fedaiyyin'') on a passing vehicle performing the costumary wavering and firing their automatic rifles into the air (Arabic: ''Baroud'') and a squad of uniformed militiamen belonging to the Phalangist Party's Kataeb Regulatory Forces (KRF) militia, who were diverting the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beirut
Beirut, french: Beyrouth is the capital and largest city of Lebanon. , Greater Beirut has a population of 2.5 million, which makes it the third-largest city in the Levant region. The city is situated on a peninsula at the midpoint of Lebanon's Mediterranean coast. Beirut has been inhabited for more than 5,000 years, and was one of Phoenicia's most prominent city states, making it one of the oldest cities in the world (see Berytus). The first historical mention of Beirut is found in the Amarna letters from the New Kingdom of Egypt, which date to the 14th century BC. Beirut is Lebanon's seat of government and plays a central role in the Lebanese economy, with many banks and corporations based in the city. Beirut is an important seaport for the country and region, and rated a Beta + World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Beirut was severely damaged by the Lebanese Civil War, the 2006 Lebanon War, and the 2020 massive explosion in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selman Ibrahim Abou
Selman may refer to: People with the surname * Alan Selman (1941-2021), American mathematician * Bart Selman, American computer scientist * Bill Selman, American ice hockey coach * Carol Selman, American historian * Courtenay Selman (born 1945), Barbadian cricketer * David Selman (1878–1937), American film director * Hafız Selman İzbeli, Turkish militiawoman * Jim Selman (born 1942), American consultant, coach, and author * JoAnn Dayton-Selman, American politician * John Selman (other), multiple people * Joshua Selman, Nigerian televangelist * Manuel Selman (born 1989), Chilean surfer * Matt Selman, American writer and producer * Matty Selman, American lyricist * Nick Selman (born 1995), English cricketer * Redžep Selman (born 1986), Macedonian triple jumper * Robert L. Selman (born 1942), American psychologist * Rubén Selman (born 1963), Chilean football referee * Sam Selman (born 1990), American baseball pitcher * Shakera Selman (born 1989), West Indian cric ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sunni Islam In Lebanon
Lebanese Sunni Muslims ( ar, المسلمون السنة اللبنانيين) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Sunni branch of Islam in Lebanon, which is one of the largest denomination in Lebanon tied with Shias. Sunni Islam in Lebanon has a history of more than a millennium. According to a CIA 2018 study, Lebanese Sunni Muslims constitute an estimated 30.6% of Lebanon's population. (However, in a country that had last census in 1932, it is difficult to have correct population estimates) The Lebanese Sunni Muslims are highly concentrated in Lebanon's capital city - Beirut (West Beirut /or Beirut II). As well as Tripoli, Sidon, Western Beqaa, and in the countryside of the Akkar, Arsal. And a notable presence in Zahlé, Southern Lebanon, Marjaayoun and Chebaa. Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, Sunni notables traditionally held power in the Lebanese state toget ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lebanese National Movement
The Lebanese National Movement (LNM) ( ar, الحركة الوطنية اللبنانية, ''Al-Harakat al-Wataniyya al-Lubnaniyya'') or Mouvement National Libanais (MNL) in French, was a front of leftist, pan-Arabist and Syrian nationalist parties and organizations active during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War, which supported the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). It was headed by Kamal Jumblatt, a prominent Druze leader of the Progressive Socialist Party (PSP). The Vice-President was Inaam Raad, leader of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon, Syrian Social Nationalist Party and Assem Qanso of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region, pro-Syrian Lebanese Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. The general secretary of the LNM was Mohsen Ibrahim, leader of the Communist Action Organization in Lebanon (CAOL). The LNM was one of two main coalitions during the first rounds of fighting in the Lebanese Civil War, the other being the militias of the mainly C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samir Khalaf
Samir Khalaf is a Lebanese sociologist. He was born in Beirut on October 14, 1933. Khalaf has written extensively on the Arab world and on Lebanon in particular. His book ''Heart of Beirut'' was recognized as a top ten book about Lebanon in 2020. The majority of themes in his work include sexuality in the Arab world, the Lebanese Civil War, Urbanization, and the role of the Protestant missionaries in the Levant. Until 2017, he was a professor of sociology at the American University of Beirut, where he had also been a director of the Centre for Behavioural Research since 1994. He retired in 2017, keeping a part-time teaching position at the University. His prior academic roles included Harvard University, Princeton University, MIT and New York University. Khalaf received his bachelor's degree in Economics from the American University of Beirut in 1955, and later his MA in Sociology in 1957. Furthermore, he obtained an MA in Economics and Sociology in 1959, and PhD in Sociology in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bashir Gemayel
Bachir Pierre Gemayel ( ; 10 November 1947 – 14 September 1982) was a Lebanese militia commander who led the Lebanese Forces, the military wing of the Kataeb Party in the Lebanese Civil War and was elected President of Lebanon in 1982. He founded and later became the supreme commander of the Lebanese Forces, uniting major Christian militias by force under the slogan of "Uniting the Christian Rifle". Gemayel allied with Israel and his forces fought the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Syrian Army. He was elected president on 23 August 1982, but he was assassinated before taking office on 14 September, via a bomb explosion by Habib Shartouni, a member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. Gemayel is described as the most controversial figure in the history of Lebanon. He remains popular among Maronite Christians, where he is seen as a "martyr" and an "icon". Conversely, he has been criticized for committing alleged war crimes and accused of treason for his rel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sabra And Shatila
The Sabra and Shatila massacre (also known as the Sabra and Chatila massacre) was the killing of between 460 and 3,500 civilians, mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shiites, by the militia of the Lebanese Forces, a Maronite Christian Lebanese right-wing party, under the command of Elie Hobeika, in the Sabra neighborhood and the adjacent Shatila refugee camp in Beirut, Lebanon. President Bachir Gemayel had been assassinated two days earlier and the Phalangists sought revenge. From approximately 18:00 on 16 September to 08:00 on 18 September 1982, a widespread massacre was carried out by the militia, while the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) had the camp surrounded. The militia had been ordered by the IDF to clear Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) fighters out of Sabra and Shatila, as part of the IDF's maneuvering into West Beirut. As the massacre unfolded, the IDF received reports of atrocities but did not take any action to prevent or stop the massacre. In June 1982, the ID ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
