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Bulbuls
The bulbuls are members of a family, Pycnonotidae, of medium-sized passerine songbirds, which also includes greenbuls, brownbuls, leafloves, and bristlebills. The family is distributed across most of Africa and into the Middle East, tropical Asia to Indonesia, and north as far as Japan. A few insular species occur on the tropical islands of the Indian Ocean. There are 160 species in 32 genera. While different species are found in a wide range of habitats, the African species are predominantly found in rainforest, whereas Asian bulbuls are predominantly found in more open areas. Taxonomy The family Pycnonotidae was introduced by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1840 as a subfamily Pycnonotinae of the thrush family Turdidae. The Arabic word ''bulbul'' (بلبل) is sometimes used to refer to the "nightingale" as well as the bulbul, but the English word ''bulbul'' refers to the birds discussed in this article. A few species that were previously considered to be memb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brown-eared Bulbul
The brown-eared bulbul (''Hypsipetes amaurotis'') is a medium-sized bulbul native to eastern Asia. It is extremely common within the northern parts of its range and can be found from southern Sakhalin to the northern Philippines. Taxonomy and systematics The brown-eared bulbul was originally described in the genus ''Turdus''. Later, some authorities placed it in the genus ''Ixos'' and then the genus '' Microscelis,'' before being re-classified to ''Hypsipetes'' in 2010. Alternate names for the brown-eared bulbul include the Asian brown-eared bulbul, chestnut-eared bulbul, and Eurasian brown-eared bulbul. Subspecies Twelve subspecies are currently recognized: * Japanese brown-eared bulbul (''H. a. amaurotis)'' – (Temminck, 1830): Also named the Japanese chestnut-eared bulbul. Found on southern Sakhalin, Japan and South Korea * ''H. a. matchiae'' – ( Momiyama, 1923): Found on southern Kyushu, Japan * ''H. a. ogawae'' – Hartert, 1907: Found on northern Ryukyu Islands * ''H. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pycnonotus
''Pycnonotus'' is a genus of frugivorous passerine birds in the bulbul family Pycnonotidae. Taxonomy and systematics The genus ''Pycnonotus'' was introduced by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1826 with the Cape bulbul as the type species. The name of the genus combines the Ancient Greek words ''puknos'' "thick" or "compact" and ''-nōtos'' "-backed". The genus contains the following 32 species: * Cream-vented bulbul (''Pycnonotus simplex'') * Olive-winged bulbul (''Pycnonotus plumosus'') * Asian red-eyed bulbul (''Pycnonotus brunneus'') * Straw-headed bulbul (''Pycnonotus zeylanicus'') * Cream-eyed bulbul (''Pycnonotus pseudosimplex'') * Ashy-fronted bulbul (''Pycnonotus cinereifrons'') * White-browed bulbul (''Pycnonotus luteolus'') * Ayeyarwady bulbul (''Pycnonotus blanfordi'') * Streak-eared bulbul (''Pycnonotus conradi'') * Stripe-throated bulbul (''Pycnonotus finlaysoni'') * Flavescent bulbul (''Pycnonotus flavescens'') * Aceh bulbul (''Pycnonotus snouckaerti' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sombre Greenbul
The sombre greenbul (''Andropadus importunus'') is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is a resident breeder in coastal bush, evergreen forest and dry shrub land in eastern and southern Africa. It is the only member of the genus ''Andropadus''. Taxonomy and systematics Eighteen species of greenbuls originally described in the genus ''Andropadus'' were re-classified to the genera '' Arizelocichla'', '' Stelgidillas'' and ''Eurillas'' in 2010. This has left ''Andropadus'' as a monotypic genus with the sombre greenbul remaining as its sole extant species. The sombre greenbul was originally described in the genus ''Turdus'' and was later re-classified to the genus ''Andropadus''. Alternatively, some authorities classify the sombre greenbul in the genus ''Pycnonotus''. Alternate names for the sombre greenbul include the sombre bulbul, southern sombre bulbul and southern sombre greenbul. Subspecies Four subspecies of the sombre greenbul are recognized: * Zanzibar s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eurillas
''Eurillas'' is a genus of greenbuls, passerine birds in the bulbul family Pycnonotidae. Taxonomy The genus ''Eurillas'' was introduced in 1899 by the American ornithologist Harry C. Oberholser with the little greenbul as the type species. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek ''eurus'' meaning "broad" or "wide" and ''illas'' meaning "thrush". This genus was formerly synonymized with the genus '' Andropadus''. A molecular phylogenetic study of the bulbul family published in 2007 found that ''Andropadus'' was polyphyletic. In the revision to the generic classification five species were moved from ''Andropadus'' to the resurrected genus ''Eurillas''. Species The genus contains five species: * Little greenbul (''Eurillas virens'') * Yellow-whiskered greenbul (''Eurillas latirostris'') * Plain greenbul (''Eurillas curvirostris'') * Little grey greenbul (''Eurillas gracilis'') * Ansorge's greenbul Ansorge's greenbul (''Eurillas ansorgei'') or Ansorge's bulbul, is a species ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arizelocichla
''Arizelocichla'' is a genus of greenbuls, songbirds in the bulbul family (Pycnonotidae). The genus was revived in 2010 when twelve species of bulbuls from the genus '' Andropadus'' were separated and re-classified in the genus ''Arizelocichla''. Taxonomy A molecular phylogenetic study of the bulbuls published in 2007 found that the genus '' Andropadus'' was polyphyletic. As part of a reorganization to create monophyletic genera, 12 species from ''Andropadus'' were moved to the resurrected genus ''Arizelocichla'' that had been introduced in 1905 by the American ornithologist Harry C. Oberholser with the mountain greenbul as the type species. The name ''Arizelocichla'' combines the Ancient Greek ''arizēlos'' meaning "conspicuous" or "admirable" with ''kikhlē'' meaning "thrush". Species The genus contains the following 12 species: * Cameroon greenbul (''Arizelocichla montana'') * Western greenbul (''Arizelocichla tephrolaema'') * Kakamega greenbul (''Arizelocichla kakamegae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicatoridae
The nicators are a genus, ''Nicator'', and family, Nicatoridae, of songbirds endemic to Africa. The genus and family contain three species. Taxonomy The systematic affinities of the genus have been a long-standing mystery. The group was originally assigned to the shrikes (Laniidae). In the 1920s James Chapin noted the similarities between the nicators and both the bulbuls (Pycnonotidae) and the bushshrikes (Malaconotidae). It wasn't until 1943 that Jean Théodore Delacour placed the genus with the bulbuls. Storrs Olson argued that the genus was more closely related to the bushshrikes, as the nicators lacked the ossification of the nostril found in all other bulbuls. A number of features, including the position of the facial bristles (which are preorbital rather than rictal), their nests and the calls, make the genus unique, and DNA studies have recently suggested that the genus is best treated as a monogeneric family. Some authorities, like the Clements Checklist, treat the nicat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicator
The nicators are a genus, ''Nicator'', and family, Nicatoridae, of songbirds endemic to Africa. The genus and family contain three species. Taxonomy The systematic affinities of the genus have been a long-standing mystery. The group was originally assigned to the shrikes (Laniidae). In the 1920s James Chapin noted the similarities between the nicators and both the bulbuls (Pycnonotidae) and the bushshrikes (Malaconotidae). It wasn't until 1943 that Jean Théodore Delacour placed the genus with the bulbuls. Storrs Olson argued that the genus was more closely related to the bushshrikes, as the nicators lacked the ossification of the nostril found in all other bulbuls. A number of features, including the position of the facial bristles (which are preorbital rather than rictal), their nests and the calls, make the genus unique, and DNA studies have recently suggested that the genus is best treated as a monogeneric family. Some authorities, like the Clements Checklist, treat the nicat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nightingale
The common nightingale, rufous nightingale or simply nightingale (''Luscinia megarhynchos''), is a small passerine bird best known for its powerful and beautiful song. It was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae, but is now more generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher, Muscicapidae. It belongs to a group of more terrestrial species, often called chats. Etymology "Nightingale" is derived from "night" and the Old English ''galan'', "to sing". The genus name ''Luscinia'' is Latin for "nightingale" and ''megarhynchos'' is from Ancient Greek ''megas'', "great" and ''rhunkhos'' "bill". Subspecies *western nightingale (''L. m. megarhynchos'') - Western Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor, wintering in tropical Africa *Caucasian nightingale (''L. m. africana'') - The Caucasus and eastern Turkey to southwestern Iran and Iraq, wintering in East Africa *eastern nightingale (''L. m. golzii'') - The Aral Sea to Mongolia, wintering in coastal East Africa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paradoxornithidae
The parrotbills are a family, Paradoxornithidae, of passerine birds that are primarily native to Eastern Asia, East and Southeast Asia (with a single species in western North America), though feral populations exist elsewhere. They are generally small, long-tailed birds that inhabit reedbeds and similar habitat. They feed mainly on seeds, e.g. of grasses, to which their bill, as the name implies, is well-adaptation (biology), adapted. Living in tropical to southern temperate climates, they are usually non-bird migration, migratory. The bearded reedling or "bearded tit", a Eurasian species long placed here, is more insectivorous by comparison, especially in summer. It also strikingly differs in morphology (biology), morphology, and was time and again placed in a monotypic family Panuridae. DNA sequence data supports this. As names like "bearded tit" imply, their general habitus and acrobatic habits resemble birds like the long-tailed tits. Together with these and others they were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sylviidae
Sylviidae is a family of passerine birds that includes the typical warblers and a number of babblers formerly placed within the Old World babbler family. They are found in Eurasia and Africa. Taxonomy and systematics The scientific name Sylviidae was introduced by the English zoologist William Elford Leach (as Sylviadæ) in a guide to the contents of the British Museum published in 1820. The family became part of an assemblage known as the Old World warblers and was a wastebin taxon with over 400 species of bird in over 70 genera. Advances in classification, particularly helped with molecular data, have led to the splitting out of several new families from within this group. There is now evidence that these ''Sylvia'' "warblers" are more closely related to the Old World babblers than the warblers and thus these birds are better referred to as Sylvia babblers, or just sylviids. A molecular phylogenetic study using mitochondrial DNA sequence data published in 2011 found that the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic groups are typically characterised by shared derived characteristics ( synapomorphies), which distinguish organisms in the clade from other organisms. An equivalent term is holophyly. The word "mono-phyly" means "one-tribe" in Greek. Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly as shown in the second diagram. A ''paraphyletic group'' consists of all of the descendants of a common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups. A '' polyphyletic group'' is characterized by convergent features or habits of scientific interest (for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, aquatic insects). The features by which a polyphyletic group is differentiated from others are not inherited from a common ancestor. These definitions have tak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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