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Bufoides
''Bufoides'' is a small genus of true toads, family Bufonidae. The genus is endemic to Northeast India, with one species known from the Garo and Khasi Hills. Taxonomy and systematics ''Bufoides'' was erected in 1973 to accommodate '' Ansonia meghalayana''. It remained monotypic until 2016 when Chandramouli and Amarasinghe transferred '' Pedostibes kempi'' to ''Bufoides'', in their quest to achieve monophyletic ''Pedostibes''. The move was supported by the morphological similarity and geographic proximity of the two species, and rendered ''Pedostibes'' monotypic and restricted to the Western Ghats. However, it remains possible that the two ''Bufoides'' species are actually conspecific. The closest relatives of the genus remain unknown. Description ''Bufoides'' are small toads; the maximum sizes of the two species are in snout–vent length. Supraorbital, preorbital, and postorbital ridges are present. The parotoid gland The parotoid gland (alternatively, paratoid gland) is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bufoides
''Bufoides'' is a small genus of true toads, family Bufonidae. The genus is endemic to Northeast India, with one species known from the Garo and Khasi Hills. Taxonomy and systematics ''Bufoides'' was erected in 1973 to accommodate '' Ansonia meghalayana''. It remained monotypic until 2016 when Chandramouli and Amarasinghe transferred '' Pedostibes kempi'' to ''Bufoides'', in their quest to achieve monophyletic ''Pedostibes''. The move was supported by the morphological similarity and geographic proximity of the two species, and rendered ''Pedostibes'' monotypic and restricted to the Western Ghats. However, it remains possible that the two ''Bufoides'' species are actually conspecific. The closest relatives of the genus remain unknown. Description ''Bufoides'' are small toads; the maximum sizes of the two species are in snout–vent length. Supraorbital, preorbital, and postorbital ridges are present. The parotoid gland The parotoid gland (alternatively, paratoid gland) is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bufoides Bhupathyi
''Bufoides'' is a small genus of true toads, family Bufonidae. The genus is endemic to Northeast India, with one species known from the Garo and Khasi Hills. Taxonomy and systematics ''Bufoides'' was erected in 1973 to accommodate '' Ansonia meghalayana''. It remained monotypic until 2016 when Chandramouli and Amarasinghe transferred ''Pedostibes kempi'' to ''Bufoides'', in their quest to achieve monophyletic ''Pedostibes''. The move was supported by the morphological similarity and geographic proximity of the two species, and rendered ''Pedostibes'' monotypic and restricted to the Western Ghats. However, it remains possible that the two ''Bufoides'' species are actually conspecific. The closest relatives of the genus remain unknown. Description ''Bufoides'' are small toads; the maximum sizes of the two species are in snout–vent length. Supraorbital, preorbital, and postorbital ridges are present. The parotoid glands are short and oval. No externally visible tympanum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bufoides Kempi
''Bufoides kempi'' is a species of true toad, family Bufonidae. This poorly known species is endemic to Meghalaya, Northeast India. It is only known with certainty from its type series (two syntypes) collected "above Tura" at in the Garo Hills no later than 1919; there is also a possible record collected at around 2009. Its common names are Kemp's Asian tree toad, Garo Hills toad, and Garo Hills tree toad. The specific name ''kempi'' honours Stanley Wells Kemp, an English zoologist and anthropologist. Taxonomy and systematics The species was described in 1919 by George Albert Boulenger as ''Nectophryne kempi''. Thomas Barbour placed it in ''Pedostibes'' instead. In 2016, Chandramouli and Amarasinghe transferred it to ''Bufoides'' based on shared morphological characteristics with ''Bufoides meghalayanus ''Bufoides meghalayanus'' is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae, the true toads. It is also known as the Mawblang toad, rock toad, or Khasi Hills toad. It is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bufoides Meghalayanus
''Bufoides meghalayanus'' is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae, the true toads. It is also known as the Mawblang toad, rock toad, or Khasi Hills toad. It is endemic to northeastern India where it is known from Meghalaya and Mizoram. However, records from Mizoram may represent an undescribed species, and this species might have a very restricted range in the Khasi Hills near Cherrapunji. ''Bufoides meghalayanus'' occur in montane forests dominated by screw pines '' Pandanus furcatus''. They can be found in crevices of sandstone boulders and in rocky ravines near wet seasonal streams at elevations of above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as ''orthometric heights''. The comb .... Breeding takes place in leaf axils of screw pines and in boulder pot-holes. This species is threatened by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
True Toad
A true toad is any member of the family Bufonidae, in the order Anura (frogs and toads). This is the only family of anurans in which all members are known as toads, although some may be called frogs (such as harlequin frogs). The bufonids now comprise more than 35 genera, ''Bufo'' being the best known. History Bufonidae is thought to have originated in South America. Some studies date the origin of the group to after the breakup of Gondwana, about 78 - 98 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous. In contrast, other studies have dated the origin of the group to the early Paleocene. The bufonids likely radiated out of South America during the Eocene, with the entire radiation occurring during the Eocene to Oligocene, marking an extremely rapid divergence likely facilitated by the Paleogene's changing climatic conditions. Taxonomy The following phylogeny of most genera in the family is based on Portik and Papenfuss, 2015:, Chan ''et al.'', 2016, Chandramouli ''et al.'', 2016 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amphibian Genera
Amphibians are four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal or freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Thus amphibians typically start out as larvae living in water, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this. The young generally undergo metamorphosis from larva with gills to an adult air-breathing form with lungs. Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface and some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and rely entirely on their skin. They are superficially similar to reptiles like lizards but, along with mammals and birds, reptiles are amniotes and do not require water bodies in which to breed. With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators; in recent decades there has been a dramatic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tympanum (anatomy)
The tympanum is an external hearing structure in animals such as mammals, birds, some reptiles, some amphibians and some insects. Using sound, vertebrates and many insects are capable of sensing their prey, identifying and locating their predators, warning other individuals, and locating potential mates and rivals by hearing the intentional or unintentional sounds they make. In general, any animal that reacts to sounds or communicates by means of sound, needs to have an auditory mechanism. This typically consists of a membrane capable of vibration known as the tympanum, an air-filled chamber and sensory organs to detect the auditory stimuli. Anurans In frogs and toads, the tympanum is a large external oval shape membrane made up of nonglandular skin. It is located just behind the eye. It does not process sound waves; it simply transmits them to the inner parts of the amphibian's ear, which is protected from the entry of water and other foreign objects. A frog's ear drum works ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parotoid Gland
The parotoid gland (alternatively, paratoid gland) is an external skin gland on the back, neck, and shoulder of toads and some frogs and salamanders. It can secrete a number of milky alkaloid substances (depending on the species) known collectively as bufotoxins, which act as neurotoxins to deter predation. These cutaneous glands are called parotoid as they are somewhat similarly positioned to mammalian parotid gland, although the latter have a different function, excreting saliva within the mouth rather than externally excreted defensive chemicals. A study of the parotoid glands of the Colorado River toad in 1976 found that the parotoid glands were "composed of numerous lobules", each of which is a separate unit with a lumen surrounded by a double cell layer. The cell layers have interlocking microvilli. The study found that the outer cell layer resembled smooth muscle cells, with some organelles hypothesised to "function in some aspects of venom synthesis, active cellular trans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic groups are typically characterised by shared derived characteristics ( synapomorphies), which distinguish organisms in the clade from other organisms. An equivalent term is holophyly. The word "mono-phyly" means "one-tribe" in Greek. Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly as shown in the second diagram. A ''paraphyletic group'' consists of all of the descendants of a common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups. A '' polyphyletic group'' is characterized by convergent features or habits of scientific interest (for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, aquatic insects). The features by which a polyphyletic group is differentiated from others are not inherited from a common ancestor. These definitions have tak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pedostibes
The Malabar tree toad (''Pedostibes tuberculosus''), or warty Asian tree toad, is a species of toad found in forests along the Western Ghats of great Karnataka or Deccan. It is a small species and is found in wet tree hollows or leaf bases containing water. It is the only species in the monotypic genus ''Pedostibes'', also known as Asian tree toads. Taxonomy Formerly, the genus ''Pedostibes'' also hosted other Southeast Asian species that were subsequently moved to a new genus, ''Rentapia'', in 2016. Description This is a slender frog with a moderate-sized head. The snout A snout is the protruding portion of an animal's face, consisting of its nose, mouth, and jaw. In many animals, the structure is called a muzzle, rostrum, or proboscis. The wet furless surface around the nostrils of the nose of many mammals is c ... is pointed and the lores are vertical. The distance between the eyes is as wide as the upper eyelid width. The ear opening (tympanum) is well marked and is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monotypic
In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispecific" or "monospecific" is sometimes preferred. In botanical nomenclature, a monotypic genus is a genus in the special case where a genus and a single species are simultaneously described. In contrast, an oligotypic taxon contains more than one but only a very few subordinate taxa. Examples Just as the term ''monotypic'' is used to describe a taxon including only one subdivision, the contained taxon can also be referred to as monotypic within the higher-level taxon, e.g. a genus monotypic within a family. Some examples of monotypic groups are: Plants * In the order Amborellales, there is only one family, Amborellaceae and there is only one genus, '' Amborella'', and in this genus there is only one species, namely ''Amborella trichopoda. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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