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Brest Charter
The Brest Charter was a document signed by several European far-left separatist groups in February 1974, in Brest, Brittany, France.Cullen 151 The Charter advocated for a Europe of independent socialist states and affirmed “the right of the oppressed people to respond to counter-revolutionary violence with revolutionary violence.” The initial signatories were the Official branch of the Irish Republican Movement (represented by Eoin Ó Murchú), the Breton Democratic Union (UDB), and the Galician People's Union (UPG). Herriko Alderdi Sozialista signed the charter a few weeks later. Other signatories included Cymru Goch,Cullen 158 Socialist Party of National Liberation, Catalan Workers Left, Su Populu Sardu,Coluzzi, Paolo. ''Minority Language Planning and Micronationalism in Italy: An Analysis of the Situation of Friulian, Cimbrian and Western Lombard with Reference to Spanish Minority Languages''. Peter Lang, 2007 and Occitan Struggle. At the time, the Charter attracted ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catalan Workers Left
Catalan Workers' Left (in Catalan: ''Esquerra Catalana dels Treballadors'') was a political party in Northern Catalonia, France. ECT was formed in 1972, with its main base in Perpignan. ECT was linked to the Socialist Party of National Liberation (PSAN). In 1977 a group, linked to the Socialist Party of National Liberation - Provisional (PSAN-p), broke away from ECT and formed the Socialist Organisation of National Liberation (OSAN). The newspaper of the organization was ''La Nova Falç''. ECT was dissolved in 1981, but many of its cadres continued to work in other political outfits, like Catalan Unity Catalan Unity ( ca, Unitat Catalana, ) is a regionalist party based in southern France. It represents the Catalan minority in Northern Catalonia. The party supports Northern Catalonia getting its own autonomous region An autonomous administr ... (UC). References *Sastre, Carles. ''Terra lliure, punt de partida: 1979-1995, una biografía autoritzada.'' Edicions del 1979 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Left-wing Nationalism
Left-wing nationalism or leftist nationalism, also known as social nationalism, is a form of nationalism based upon national self-determination, popular sovereignty, national self-interest, and left-wing political positions such as social equality. Left-wing nationalism can also include anti-imperialism and national liberation movements.Smith 1999, 30. Left-wing nationalism often stands in contrast to right-wing politics and right-wing nationalism. Overview Terms such as ''nationalist socialism'', ''social nationalism'' and ''socialist nationalism'' are not to be confused with the German fascism espoused by the Nazi Party which called itself National Socialism. This ideology advocated the supremacy and territorial expansion of the German nation. Some left-wing nationalist groups have historically used the term ''national socialism'' for themselves, albeit only before the rise of the Nazis or outside Europe. Since the Nazis' rise to prominence, ''national socialism'' has becom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secessionist Organizations In Europe
Secession is the withdrawal of a group from a larger entity, especially a political entity, but also from any organization, union or military alliance. Some of the most famous and significant secessions have been: the former Soviet republics leaving the Soviet Union after its dissolution, Texas leaving Mexico during the Texas Revolution, Biafra leaving Nigeria and returning after losing the Nigerian Civil War, and Ireland leaving the United Kingdom. Threats of secession can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals. Allen Buchanan"Secession" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2007. It is, therefore, a process, which commences once a group proclaims the act of secession (e.g. declaration of independence). A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful, but the goal is the creation of a new state or entity independent from the group or territory it seceded from. Secession theory There is a great deal of theorizing about secession so that it is difficult to identify a c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stateless Nationalism In Europe
Stateless may refer to: Society * Anarchism, a political philosophy opposed to the institution of the state * Stateless communism, which Karl Marx predicted would be the final phase of communism * Stateless nation, a group of people without a nation-state * Stateless society, a society that is not governed by a state * Statelessness, the legal and social concept applicable to persons who are not citizens or subjects of any state Computing * State (computer science), relating to the configuration of information * Stateless protocol, a communications protocol that treats each request as an independent transaction that is unrelated to any previous request * Stateless firewall, that treats each network frame (or packet) in isolation * Stateless IP/ICMP Translation algorithm, an IPv6 translation mechanism Music * ''Stateless'' (Lene Lovich album), 1978 * Stateless (band), an English electronica band ** ''Stateless'' (Stateless album), 2007 * ''Stateless'' (Unwed Sailor album ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1974 Documents
Major events in 1974 include the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis and the resignation of President of the United States, United States President Richard Nixon following the Watergate scandal. In the Middle East, the aftermath of the 1973 Yom Kippur War determined politics; following List of Prime Ministers of Israel, Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir's resignation in response to high Israeli casualties, she was succeeded by Yitzhak Rabin. In Europe, the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, invasion and occupation of northern Cyprus by Turkey, Turkish troops initiated the Cyprus dispute, the Carnation Revolution took place in Portugal, and Chancellor of Germany, Chancellor of West Germany Willy Brandt resigned following an Guillaume affair, espionage scandal surrounding his secretary Günter Guillaume. In sports, the year was primarily dominated by the 1974 FIFA World Cup, FIFA World Cup in West Germany, in which the Germany national football team, German national team won the championshi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Charters
A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. It is implicit that the granter retains superiority (or sovereignty), and that the recipient admits a limited (or inferior) status within the relationship, and it is within that sense that charters were historically granted, and it is that sense which is retained in modern usage of the term. The word entered the English language from the Old French ''charte'', via Latin ''charta'', and ultimately from Greek χάρτης (''khartes'', meaning "layer of papyrus"). It has come to be synonymous with a document that sets out a grant of rights or privileges. Other usages The term is used for a special case (or as an exception) of an institutional charter. A charter school, for example, is one that has different rules, regulations, and statutes from a state school. Charter can be used as a synonym for "hire" or "lease", as in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armed Struggle
War is an intense armed conflict between states, governments, societies, or paramilitary groups such as mercenaries, insurgents, and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces. Warfare refers to the common activities and characteristics of types of war, or of wars in general. Total war is warfare that is not restricted to purely legitimate military targets, and can result in massive civilian or other non-combatant suffering and casualties. While some war studies scholars consider war a universal and ancestral aspect of human nature, others argue it is a result of specific socio-cultural, economic or ecological circumstances. Etymology The English word ''war'' derives from the 11th-century Old English words ''wyrre'' and ''werre'', from Old French ''werre'' (also ''guerre'' as in modern French), in turn from the Frankish *''werra'', ultimately deriving from the Proto-Germanic *''we ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
San Sebastián
San Sebastian, officially known as Donostia–San Sebastián (names in both local languages: ''Donostia'' () and ''San Sebastián'' ()) is a city and Municipalities of Spain, municipality located in the Basque Country (autonomous community), Basque Autonomous Community, Spain. It lies on the coast of the Bay of Biscay, from the France–Spain border. The capital city of the province of Gipuzkoa, the municipality's population is 188,102 as of 2021, with its metropolitan area reaching 436,500 in 2010. Locals call themselves ''donostiarra'' (singular), both in Spanish and Basque language, Basque. It is also a part of Basque Eurocity Bayonne-San Sebastián. The main economic activities are almost entirely service sector, service-based, with an emphasis on commerce and tourism, as it has long been one of the most famous tourist attraction, tourist destinations in Spain. Despite the city's small size, events such as the San Sebastián International Film Festival and the San Sebastia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Occitan Struggle
Occitan Struggle (Occitan: ''Lucha Occitana'', LO) was an Occitan political group created in 1971 from the ''Comitat Occitans d'Estudis e d'Accion''. It was mainly composed of intellectuals, students and agricultural unionists. The group had a revolutionary, autonomist, and Occitan nationalist ideology, and was headquartered in Toulouse. The group primarily desired the complete decolonization of Occitania, and appealed to the Occitan working class, which they thought would contribute to the destruction of the capitalist French state. In 1972, LO signed the Brest Charter. Lucha Occitana published the newspapers ''Païs Occitan-Lucha Occitana'' in Toulouse and ''Occitània Passat e Present'' in Antibes. LO conducted an analysis of the Occitan situation. They opposed the separatist views of the Occitan Nationalist Party. Instead, their core beliefs were: * The existence of an Occitan identity that was culturally and linguistically different from that of the French identity. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Socialist Party Of National Liberation
The Socialist Party of National Liberation ( Catalan: ''Partit Socialista d'Alliberament Nacional'', PSAN) is an independentist and communist party active in Catalonia. The PSAN was created in 1968 following a split in the more leftist sector of the National Front of Catalonia. Initially it was only present the Catalonia, but later also gained presence in the french region of Roussillon (September 1971), the Valencian Community (July 1974) and the Balearic Islands (February 1976). The party was illegal and clandestine until 1978, when all parties were fully legalised, after the Franco Dictadorship. History Origins In March 1969 the Constituent Assembly of the party was celebrated. In this assembly the organization officially adopted a communist and independentist ideology. Joaquim Maurín, Jaume Vicens i Vives and the classical international marxist authors were the most important theoretical inspirations the party. The influence of the Third World revolutionary movements ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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