Brain Regions

picture info	Brain Regions The human brain anatomical regions are ordered following standard neuroanatomy hierarchies. Functional, connective, and developmental regions are listed in parentheses where appropriate. Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) Myelencephalon Medulla oblongata Medullary pyramids Arcuate nucleus Olivary body Inferior olivary nucleus Rostral ventrolateral medulla Caudal ventrolateral medulla Solitary nucleus (Nucleus of the solitary tract) Respiratory center- Respiratory groups Dorsal respiratory group Ventral respiratory group or Apneustic centre Pre-Bötzinger complex Botzinger complex Retrotrapezoid nucleus Nucleus retrofacialis Nucleus retroambiguus Nucleus para-ambiguus Paramedian reticular nucleus Gigantocellular reticular nucleus Parafacial zone Cuneate nucleus Gracile nucleus Perihypoglossal nuclei * Intercalated nucleus * Prepositus nucleus * Sublingual nucleus Area postrema Medullary cranial nerve nuclei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ventrolateral Medulla The ventrolateral medulla, part of the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, plays a major role in regulating arterial blood pressure and breathing. It regulates blood pressure by regulating the activity of the sympathetic nerves that target the heart and peripheral blood vessels. The ventrolateral medulla consists of a rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and a caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM). Neurons in the RVLM project directly to preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone). The backbone encloses the central canal of the spi ... and maintain tonic activity in the sympathetic vasomotor nerves. This activity is inhibited by GABA output from the CVLM. References Sympathetic nervous system Reflexes Medulla oblongata Cardiovascular physiology {{neuroanatomy-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Paramedian Reticular Nucleus The paramedian reticular nucleus (in Terminologia Anatomica, or paramedian medullary reticular group in NeuroNames) sends its connections to the spinal cord in a mostly ipsilateral manner, although there is some decussation. It projects to the vermis in the anterior lobe, the pyramis and the uvula. The paramedian nucleus also projects to the contralateral PRN, the gigantocellular nucleus, and the nucleus ambiguous. The paramedian reticular formation is adjacent to the abducens (VI)nucleus in the pons and adjacent to the oculomotor nucleus(III) in the midbrain. The paramedian nucleus receives afferents mostly from the fastigial nucleus in the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex; however, the projections from the spinal cord are very sparse. The descending afferent connections come mostly from the frontal and parietal lobes; however the pontine reticular formation also sends projections to the paramedian reticular nucleus. There are also very sparse innervations from the superior ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Nucleus Para-ambiguus Nucleus ( : nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to: Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucleus may also refer to: Science, technology, and mathematics Astronomy Active galactic nucleus in astronomy Comet nucleus, the solid, central part of a comet Biology Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucleus (neuroanatomy), a cluster of cell bodies of neurons in the central nervous system Nucleus that forms in the eye in nuclear sclerosis (early cataracts) ''Nucleus'', a scientific journal concerned with the cell nucleus; published by Taylor & Francis Nucleus, a small colony of honeybees, induced to raise a new queen by the beekeeper Computer systems Nucleus (operating system), sometimes a synonym for kernel * Nucleus CMS, a weblog system * Nucleus RTOS, a real-time operat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Nucleus Retroambiguus Nucleus ( : nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to: Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucleus may also refer to: Science, technology, and mathematics Astronomy Active galactic nucleus in astronomy Comet nucleus, the solid, central part of a comet Biology Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucleus (neuroanatomy), a cluster of cell bodies of neurons in the central nervous system Nucleus that forms in the eye in nuclear sclerosis (early cataracts) ''Nucleus'', a scientific journal concerned with the cell nucleus; published by Taylor & Francis Nucleus, a small colony of honeybees, induced to raise a new queen by the beekeeper Computer systems Nucleus (operating system), sometimes a synonym for kernel * Nucleus CMS, a weblog system * Nucleus RTOS, a real-time operat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Nucleus Retrofacialis Nucleus ( : nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to: Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucleus may also refer to: Science, technology, and mathematics Astronomy Active galactic nucleus in astronomy Comet nucleus, the solid, central part of a comet Biology Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucleus (neuroanatomy), a cluster of cell bodies of neurons in the central nervous system Nucleus that forms in the eye in nuclear sclerosis (early cataracts) ''Nucleus'', a scientific journal concerned with the cell nucleus; published by Taylor & Francis Nucleus, a small colony of honeybees, induced to raise a new queen by the beekeeper Computer systems Nucleus (operating system), sometimes a synonym for kernel * Nucleus CMS, a weblog system * Nucleus RTOS, a real-time operat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Retrotrapezoid Nucleus The medulla oblongata or simply medulla is a long stem-like structure which makes up the lower part of the brainstem. It is anterior and partially inferior to the cerebellum. It is a cone-shaped neuronal mass responsible for autonomic (involuntary) functions, ranging from vomiting to sneezing. The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers, and therefore deals with the autonomic functions of breathing, heart rate and blood pressure as well as the sleep–wake cycle. During embryonic development, the medulla oblongata develops from the myelencephalon. The myelencephalon is a secondary vesicle which forms during the maturation of the rhombencephalon, also referred to as the hindbrain. The bulb is an archaic term for the medulla oblongata. In modern clinical usage, the word bulbar (as in bulbar palsy) is retained for terms that relate to the medulla oblongata, particularly in reference to medical conditions. The word bulbar can refer to the nerves ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Botzinger Complex In mammals, the Bötzinger complex (BötC) is a group of neurons located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, and ventral respiratory column. In the medulla, this group is located caudally to the facial nucleus and ventral to nucleus ambiguus. Function The Bötzinger complex plays an important role in controlling breathing and responding to hypoxia. The Bötzinger complex consists primarily of glycinergic neurons which inhibit respiratory activity. Of the respiratory cycle phases BötC generates post-inspiratory (Post-I) activity and augmenting expiratory (aug-e) activity. Name The Bötzinger complex was named by UCLA Professor Jack Feldman in 1978, after a bottle of white wine named Botzinger present at his table during a scientific meeting in Hirschhorn, Germany, that year. Connections The Bötzinger Complex has projections to * Phrenic pre-motor neurons in the medulla * Phrenic motor neurons in the cervical spinal cord * The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) * Ventral respirat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Pre-Bötzinger Complex The preBötzinger complex, sometimes written pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC), is a functionally and anatomically specialized site in the ventral-lateral region of the lower medulla oblongata (i.e., lower brainstem). The preBötC is part of the ventral respiratory group of respiratory related interneurons. Its foremost function is to generate the inexorable rhythm for inspiratory breathing movements in mammals. In addition, the preBötC is widely and paucisynaptically connected to higher brain centers that regulate arousal and excitability more generally such that respiratory brain function is intimately connected with many other rhythmic and cognitive functions of the brain and central nervous system. Further, the preBötC receives mechanical sensory information from the airways that encode lung volume as well as pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide content of circulating blood and the cerebrospinal fluid. The preBötC spans approximately 250‒500 µm in the anterior-posterior axis (dep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Apneustic Centre The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and pons, in the brainstem. The respiratory center is made up of three major respiratory groups of neurons, two in the medulla and one in the pons. In the medulla they are the dorsal respiratory group, and the ventral respiratory group. In the pons, the pontine respiratory group includes two areas known as the pneumotaxic centre and the apneustic centre. The respiratory centre is responsible for generating and maintaining the rhythm of respiration, and also of adjusting this in homeostatic response to physiological changes. The respiratory center receives input from chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, the cerebral cortex, and the hypothalamus in order to regulate the rate and depth of breathing. Input is stimulated by altered levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood pH, by hormonal changes relating to stress and anxiety from the hypothalamus, and also by signals from the cerebral cortex to give a conscious control of r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ventral Respiratory Group The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and pons, in the brainstem. The respiratory center is made up of three major respiratory groups of neurons, two in the medulla and one in the pons. In the medulla they are the dorsal respiratory group, and the ventral respiratory group. In the pons, the pontine respiratory group includes two areas known as the pneumotaxic centre and the apneustic centre. The respiratory centre is responsible for generating and maintaining the rhythm of respiration, and also of adjusting this in homeostatic response to physiological changes. The respiratory center receives input from chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, the cerebral cortex, and the hypothalamus in order to regulate the rate and depth of breathing. Input is stimulated by altered levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood pH, by hormonal changes relating to stress and anxiety from the hypothalamus, and also by signals from the cerebral cortex to give a conscious control of r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Dorsal Respiratory Group The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and pons, in the brainstem. The respiratory center is made up of three major respiratory groups of neurons, two in the medulla and one in the pons. In the medulla they are the dorsal respiratory group, and the ventral respiratory group. In the pons, the pontine respiratory group includes two areas known as the pneumotaxic centre and the apneustic centre. The respiratory centre is responsible for generating and maintaining the rhythm of respiration, and also of adjusting this in homeostatic response to physiological changes. The respiratory center receives input from chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, the cerebral cortex, and the hypothalamus in order to regulate the rate and depth of breathing. Input is stimulated by altered levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood pH, by hormonal changes relating to stress and anxiety from the hypothalamus, and also by signals from the cerebral cortex to give a conscious control of r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]