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Bourgeois Of Paris
A bourgeois of Paris was traditionally a member of one of the Corporation (feudal Europe), corporations or guilds that existed under the Ancien Régime. According to Article 173 of the Custom of Paris in New France, Custom of Paris, a bourgeois had to possess a Domicile (law), domicile in Paris as a Leasehold estate, tenant or Ownership, owner for at least a year and a day. This qualification was also required for public offices such as Provost of the merchants of Paris, provost of the merchants, alderman or consul, but unlike the bourgeois or citizens of other free cities, Parisians did not need letters of bourgeoisie to prove their status. A bourgeois of Paris had privileges as well as duties. While they were exempt from paying the taille, they were required to pay the city taxes, contribute to a public Charity (practice), charity, arm themselves at their own expense, and join the urban militia. Definition According to article 173 (previously 129) of the Custom of Paris in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edit De Louis XI Confirmant Les Privilèges Des Bourgeois De Paris
Edward Ma, known professionally as edIT, is an American electronic music record producer, producer and DJ based in Los Angeles. He is a member of the Glitch Mob. History After growing up in Boston, Edward Ma began his career as a DJ and got into music production while he was studying at the University of Southern California. From there, he built his name in the Los Angeles underground and began his career in the late 1990s as The Con Artist. He was a resident DJ at Konkrete Jungle in Los Angeles and he hosted a Dublab radio show. He has produced tracks for underground hip hop artists such as Sole (artist), Sole and Busdriver. He has also worked with Peace (rapper), P.E.A.C.E. and Myka 9 of Freestyle Fellowship, Daddy Kev, Hive, Dntel, Emanon and Phoenix Orion. He is an old friend of Aloe Blacc and Daedelus (musician), Daedelus and has contributed a remix of "Dumbfound" to Daedelus' single "Something Bells" in 2004. His debut solo album, ''Crying Over Pros for No Reason'', was r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Militia
A militia ( ) is a military or paramilitary force that comprises civilian members, as opposed to a professional standing army of regular, full-time military personnel. Militias may be raised in times of need to support regular troops or serve as a pool of available manpower for regular forces to draw from. When acting independently, militias are generally unable to hold ground against regular forces. Militias commonly support regular troops by skirmishing, holding fortifications, or conducting irregular warfare, instead of undertaking offensive campaigns by themselves. However, militias may also engage in defense activities to protect a community, its territory, property, and laws. For example, naval militias may comprise fishermen and other civilians which are organized and sanctioned by a state to enforce its maritime boundaries. Beginning in the late 20th century, some militias (in particular officially recognized and sanctioned militias of a government) act as profe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poissy
Poissy () is a Communes of France, commune in the Yvelines Departments of France, department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris, from the Kilometre Zero, centre of Paris. Inhabitants are called ''Pisciacais'' in French. Poissy is one of the oldest royal cities of Île-de-France, birthplace of Louis IX of France and Philip III of France, before being supplanted from the 15th century by Saint-Germain-en-Laye. In 1561, it was the site of a fruitless Catholic Church, Catholic–Huguenots, Huguenot conference, the Colloquy of Poissy. The area is known for hosting the Automobiles Gregoire successively, Matford, Ford SAF, Simca, Chrysler, Talbot (automobile), Talbot factories and now hosts one of France's largest Peugeot factories. The "Simca Poissy engine" was made there. Poissy is the 165th most populated city in Metropolitan France. Location Poissy is located about 30 kilometres west of Paris, in the north-eastern pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Versailles, Yvelines
Versailles ( , ) is a commune in the department of the Yvelines, Île-de-France, known worldwide for the Château de Versailles and the gardens of Versailles, which is designated an UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Located in the western suburbs of the French capital, from the centre of Paris, Versailles is a wealthy suburb of Paris with a service-based economy and is a major tourist destination. According to the 2017 census, the population of the city is 85,862, down from a peak of 94,145 in 1975.Population en historique depuis 1968 , INSEE A founded by order of King |
Taille
The ''taille'' () was a direct land tax on the French peasantry and non-nobles in ''Ancien Régime'' France. The tax was imposed on each household and was based on how much land it held, and was paid directly to the state. History Originally only an "exceptional" tax (i.e. imposed and collected in times of need, as the king was expected to survive on the revenues of the " domaine royal", or lands that belonged to him directly), the ''taille'' became permanent in 1439, when the right to collect taxes in support of a standing army was granted to Charles VII of France during the Hundred Years' War. Unlike modern income taxes, the total amount of the ''taille'' was first set (after the Estates General was suspended in 1484) by the French king from year to year, and this amount was then apportioned among the various provinces for collection. Exempted from the tax were clergy and nobles (except for non-noble lands they held in "pays d'état" ee below, officers of the crown, milita ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Estates General Of 1789
The Estates General of 1789 () was a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobility (Second Estate), and the commoners (Third Estate). It was the last of the Estates General of the Kingdom of France. Summoned by King Louis XVI, the Estates General of 1789 ended when the Third Estate, along with some members of the other estates, formed the National Assembly and, against the wishes of the king, invited the other two estates to join. This signaled the outbreak of the French Revolution. Background Assembly of Notables The suggestion to summon the Estates General came from the Assembly of Notables installed by the king on 22 February 1787. The Estates General had not been called since 1614. In 1787, the Parlement of Paris refused to ratify Charles Alexandre de Calonne's program of financial reform, due to the competing interests of its noble members. Calonne was the Controller-General of Finances, appointed by the kin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ius In Re
Ius in re, or jus in re, under civil law (legal system), civil law, more commonly referred to as a real right or right ''in rem'', is a right in property, known as an interest under common law. A real right vests in a person with respect to property, inherent in his relation to it, and is good against the world (''erga omnes''). The primary real right is ownership (''dominium'') (freehold, leasehold, commonhold). Whether possession (law), possession (''possessio'') is recognized as a real right, or merely as a source of certain powers and actions, depends on the legal system at hand. Subordinate or limited real rights generally refer to encumbrances, rights of use and security interests. The term right ''in rem'' is derived from the action given to its holder, an actio in rem. In Latin grammar the action against the thing demands a fourth case. The underlying right itself, ius in re, has a fifth case, as the right rests on, or burdens, the thing. By mistake the common law terminology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Defense (legal)
In a civil proceeding or criminal prosecution under the common law or under statute, a defendant may raise a defense (or defence) in an effort to avert civil legal liability, liability or criminal conviction. A defense is put forward by a party to defeat a suit or action brought against the party, and may be based on legal grounds or on factual claims. Besides contesting the accuracy of an allegation made against the defendant in the proceeding, the defendant may also make allegations against the prosecutor or plaintiff or raise a defense, arguing that, even if the allegations against the defendant are true, the defendant is nevertheless not liable. Acceptance of a defense by the court completely exonerates the defendant and not merely Mitigation, mitigates the liability. The defense phase of a trial occurs after the prosecution phase, that is, after the prosecution "rests". Other parts of the defense include the opening and closing arguments and the cross-examination during ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pleading
In law as practiced in countries that follow the English models, a pleading is a formal written statement of one party's claims or defenses in response to another party's complaint(s) in a civil action. The parties' pleadings in a case define the issues to be adjudicated in the action. The Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) govern pleading in England and Wales. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure govern pleading in United States federal courts. Each state in the United States has its own statutes and rules that govern pleading in the courts of that state. Examples Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure a '' complaint'' is the first pleading in American law filed by a plaintiff which initiates a lawsuit. A complaint sets forth the relevant allegations of fact that give rise to one or more legal causes of action along with a prayer for relief and sometimes a statement of damages claimed (an ad quod damnum clause). In some situations, a complaint is called a ''petition'', i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of French Monarchs
France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the kingdom of West Francia in 843 until the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions. Classical French historiography usually regards Clovis I, king of the Franks (), as the first king of France. However, historians today consider that such a kingdom did not begin until the establishment of West Francia, after the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century. Titles The kings used the title "King of the Franks" () until the late twelfth century; the first to adopt the title of "King of France" (Latin: ''Rex Franciae''; French language, French: ''roi de France'') was Philip II of France, Philip II in 1190 (r. 1180–1223), after which the title "King of the Franks" gradually lost ground. However, ''Francorum Rex'' continued to be sometimes used, for example by Louis XII in 1499, by Francis I of France, Francis I in 1515, and by Henry II of France, Henry II in about 1550; it was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polymorphous
Polymorphism, polymorphic, polymorph, polymorphous, or polymorphy may refer to: Computing * Polymorphism (computer science), the ability in programming to present the same programming interface for differing underlying forms * Ad hoc polymorphism, applying polymorphic functions to arguments of different types * Parametric polymorphism, abstracts types, so that multiple can be used with a single implementation ** Bounded quantification, restricts type parameters to a range of subtypes * Subtyping, different classes related by some common superclass can be used in place of that superclass * Row polymorphism, uses structural subtyping to allow polymorphism over records * Polymorphic code, self-modifying program code designed to defeat anti-virus programs or reverse engineering Science Biology * Chromosomal polymorphism, a condition where one species contains members with varying chromosome counts or shapes * Cell polymorphism, variability in size of cells or nuclei * Gene polymorp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
L'Intermédiaire Des Chercheurs Et Curieux
''L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux'' (, ), abbreviated as ''ICC'', is a monthly French magazine consisting of questions and answers of its readers on various encyclopedic topics. It focuses mainly on art, history, genealogy, literature, and religions. History The magazine appeared from 1864 to 1940. Initially it focused on the arts and all sciences. Invited Papers, 2001, It reappeared in April 1951, first under a slightly different ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
