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Border Peace And Tranquility Agreement, 1993
The Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement (BPTA or MPTA; formally the ''Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the Line of Actual Control in the India–China Border Areas'') is an agreement signed by China and India in September 1993, agreeing to maintain the ''status quo'' on their mutual border pending an eventual boundary settlement. The Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures, 1996, pursuant to the 1993 agreement, incrementally details the military confidence building measures to be implemented that would ensure no-war. The Protocol for the Implementation of Military Confidence Building Measures, 2005 further discussed modalities to implement the confidence building measures. In numerous border incidents the agreements have been adhered to, successfully maintaining peace, or in other words, successfully preventing conflict. The agreements are not solely responsible for this success. Political will and other interests in a peaceful border hav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sino-Indian Border Dispute
The Sino-Indian border dispute is an ongoing territorial dispute over the sovereignty of two relatively large, and several smaller, separated pieces of territory between China and India. The first of the territories, Aksai Chin, is administered by China as part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Tibet Autonomous Region and claimed by India as part of the union territory of Ladakh; it is the most uninhabited high-altitude wasteland in the larger regions of Kashmir and Tibet and is crossed by the Xinjiang-Tibet Highway, but with some significant pasture lands at the margins. The other disputed territory is south of the McMahon Line, formerly known as the North-East Frontier Agency and now called Arunachal Pradesh. The McMahon Line was part of the 1914 Simla Convention signed between British India and Tibet, without China's agreement. China disowns the agreement, stating that Tibet was never independent when it signed the Simla Convention. The 1962 Sino-Indian War was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1989 Tiananmen Square Protests
The Tiananmen Square protests, known in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident (), were student-led demonstrations held in Tiananmen Square, Beijing during 1989. In what is known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre, or in Chinese the June Fourth Clearing () or June Fourth Massacre (), troops armed with assault rifles and accompanied by tanks fired at the demonstrators and those trying to block the military's advance into Tiananmen Square. The protests started on 15 April and were forcibly suppressed on 4 June when the government declared martial law and sent the People's Liberation Army to occupy parts of central Beijing. Estimates of the death toll vary from several hundred to several thousand, with thousands more wounded. The popular national movement inspired by the Beijing protests is sometimes called the '89 Democracy Movement () or the Tiananmen Square Incident (). The protests were precipitated by the death of pro-reform Chinese Communist Party (CCP) general secretary Hu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China–India Border
The Line of Actual Control (LAC), in the context of the Sino-Indian border dispute, is a notional demarcation lineAnanth KrishnanLine of Actual Control , India-China: the line of actual contest, 13 June 2020: "In contrast, the alignment of the LAC has never been agreed upon, and it is has neither been delineated nor demarcated. There is no official map in the public domain that depicts the LAC. It can best be thought of as an idea, reflecting the territories that are, at present, under the control of each side, pending a resolution of the boundary dispute." that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory. The concept was introduced by Chinese premier Zhou Enlai in a 1959 letter to Jawaharlal Nehru as the "line up to which each side exercises actual control", but rejected by Nehru as being incoherent. Subsequently the term came to refer to the line formed after the 1962 Sino-Indian War. The LAC is different from the borders claimed by each c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China–India Relations
China–India relations ( zh, 中国－印度关系; hi, भारत-चीन संबंध), also called Sino-Indian relations or Indo–Chinese relations, are the bilateral relations between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of India. India and China have historically maintained peaceful relations for thousands of years of recorded history, but the harmony of their relationship has varied in modern times, after the Chinese Communist Party's victory in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, and especially post the Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China. The two nations have sought economic cooperation with each other, while frequent border disputes and economic nationalism in both countries are a major point of contention. Cultural and economic relations between China and India date back to ancient times. The Silk Road not only served as a major trade route between India and China, but is also credited for facilitating the spread of Buddhism fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Border Defence Cooperation Agreement
The Agreement between India and China on Border Defence Cooperation (BDCA) covers border stability and security, information asymmetry, smuggling, socio-economic reconstruction, environment and disease transmission along the line of actual control. It is an incremental addition to the previous border agreements related to the Sino-Indian border dispute. BDCA is one of the growing number of defence cooperation agreements being signed between countries worldwide. Background China proposed the BDCA as early as the 5th India-China annual defence dialogue (ADD) in January 2013. The following months saw negotiations and counter-proposals by India. In April 2013, India reported a Chinese PLA incursion at the mouth of Depsang Bulge near the Line of Actual Control in eastern Ladakh. This three week face-off was one of the border incidents that took place during the drafting of the agreement. In July 2013, India also saw PLA movement into Chumar and transgressions in Barahoti and Dichu. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Working Mechanism For Consultation And Coordination On India-China Border Affairs
Working may refer to: * Work (human activity), intentional activity people perform to support themselves, others, or the community Arts and media * ''Working'' (musical), a 1978 musical * ''Working'' (TV series), an American sitcom * ''Working'' (Caro book), a 2019 book by Robert Caro * ''Working'' (Terkel book), a 1974 book by Studs Terkel * ''Working!!'', a manga by Karino Takatsu * "Working" (song), by Tate McRae and Khalid, 2021 Engineering and technology * Cold working or cold forming, the shaping of metal below its recrystallization temperature * Hot working, the shaping of metal above its recrystallization temperature * Multiple working, having more than one locomotive under the control of one driver * Live-line working, the maintenance of electrical equipment while it is energised * Single-line working, using one train track out of two Other uses * Holbrook Working (1895–1985), statistician and economist * Working the system, exploiting rules and procedures for un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agreement On The Political Parameters And Guiding Principles For The Settlement Of The India-China Boundary Question, 2005
The Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question is an agreement between the India and China signed on 11 April 2005. The agreement is a direct outcome of the Special Representative (SR) mechanism that had been set up through a 2003 agreement. Background The 1993, 1996 and 2005 agreements deal with military confidence building measures. However these agreements did not sufficiently cover the political aspect of the boundary settlement. Accordingly in a 2003 agreement, "Declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation", the Special Representative mechanism had been set up. The SRs would "explore from the political perspective of the overall bilateral relationship the framework of a boundary settlement." The first five meetings of the SRs resulted in the signing of the 2005 agreement. Summary # The resolution and final solution of the boundary question will promote positive relations bet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barahoti
Barahoti (Bara Hoti, Hoti Plain), also called Wu-Je or Wure (), is a sloping plain located in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, Chamoli district. It is disputed by China, which also disputes a area surrounding it. The entire disputed area also goes by the name "Barahoti", or sometimes "Barahoti–Sangchamalla–Lapthal disputed area". The entire area is on the Ganges side of the Sutlej–Ganges water divide, which is also the current Line of Actual Control between India and China. Barahoti was the first location in Indian territory claimed by China in 1954. In 1960, China added Lapthal and Sangchamalla to the dispute and said that three places formed one composite area. Geography The ''Himalayan Gazetteer'' (1884) states that the watershed that forms the boundary between India and Tibet in the region of Uttarakhand is "a simple longitudinal range" for the most part, but its structure is a little complicated between the Niti Pass and Unta Dhura. Here the ridge that might have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prejudice (legal Term)
Prejudice is a legal term with different meanings, which depend on whether it is used in criminal, civil, or common law. In legal context, "prejudice" differs from the more common use of the word and so the term has specific technical meanings. Two of the most common applications of the word are as part of the terms "with prejudice" and "without prejudice." In general, an action taken ''with prejudice'' is final. For example, "dismissal with prejudice" forbids a party to refile the case and might occur because of misconduct on the part of the party that filed the claim or criminal complaint or also as the result of an out-of-court agreement or settlement. Dismissal "without prejudice" (Latin: ''salvis iuribus'') allows the party the option to refile and is often a response to procedural or technical problems with the filing that the party may correct by filing again. With prejudice and without prejudice Criminal law Depending on the country, a criminal proceeding which ends pre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sino–Indian Agreement 1954
The 1954 Sino-Indian Agreement, also called the Panchsheel Agreement, officially the Agreement on Trade and Intercourse Between Tibet Region of China and India, was signed by China and India in Peking on 29 April 1954. The preamble of the agreement stated the ''panchsheel'', or the five principles of peaceful coexistence, that China proposed and India favoured. The agreement reflected the adjustment of the previously existing trade relations between Tibet and India to the changed context of India's decolonisation and China's assertion of suzerainty over Tibet. Bertil Lintner writes that in the agreement, "Tibet was referred to, for the first time in history, as 'the Tibet Region of China'". The agreement expired on 6 June 1962, as per the original term limit, in the midst of the Sino-Indian border tensions. It was not renewed. By October of that year, war broke out between the two sides. Background The background of the 1954 Agreement includes the Convention of Calcutta (betwe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Five Principles Of Peaceful Coexistence
The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence () are principles first mentioned in the Sino-Indian Agreement, 1954. They are mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in internal affairs, equality and co-operation for mutual benefit and peaceful co-existence. Also known as Panchsheel, these principles were subsequently adopted in a number of resolutions and statements, including the preamble to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. Principles The Five Principles, as stated in the Sino–Indian Agreement 1954, are listed as: # mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty, # mutual non-aggression, # mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs, # equality and co-operation for mutual benefit, and # peaceful co-existence These principles are a strict interpretation of the Westphalian norms of state sovereignty. History The panchsheel agreement served as one of the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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