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Bolghar
Bolghar ( tt-Cyrl, Болгар, cv, Пăлхар) was intermittently the capital of Volga Bulgaria from the 8th to the 15th centuries, along with Bilyar and Nur-Suvar. It was situated on the bank of the Volga River, about 30 km downstream from its confluence with the Kama River and some 130 km from modern Kazan in what is now Spassky District. West of it lies a small modern town, since 1991 known as Bolgar. The UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribed Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex (ancient Bolghar hill fort) to the World Heritage List in 2014. History The city is supposed to have been the capital of Volga Bulgaria from as early as the 8th century. Regular Russian incursions along the Volga, and internecine fights, forced the Volga Bulgar kings (khagans) to intermittently move their capital to Bilyar. After a destruction of Bilyar during the Mongol invasion, the older capital became a centre of a separate province (or duchy) within the Golden Hor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volga Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria or Volga–Kama Bulgaria, was a historic Bulgar state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River, in what is now European Russia. Volga Bulgaria was a multi-ethnic state with large numbers of Turkic Bulgars, a variety of Finnic and Ugric peoples, and many East Slavs. Its strategic position of allowed it to create a monopoly between the trade of Arabs, Norse and Avars. History Origin and creation of the state The Bulgars were Turkic tribes of Oghuric origin, who settled north of the Black Sea. During their westward migration across the Eurasian steppe, they came under the overlordship of the Khazars, leading other ethnic groups, including Finnic and Iranic peoples. In about 630 they founded Old Great Bulgaria, which was destroyed by the Khazars in 668. Kubrat's son and appointed heir, Batbayan Bezmer, moved from the Azov region in about AD 665, commanded by the Kazarig Khagan Kotrag, to whom he had ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolgar, Spassky District, Republic Of Tatarstan
Bolgar (russian: Болгар; tt-Cyrl, Болгар) is a town and the administrative center of Spassky District in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, located on the left bank of the Volga River, from Kazan. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 8,650. It was previously known as ''Spassk'' (until 1926), ''Spassk-Tatarsky'' (until 1935), ''Kuybyshev'' (until 1991). History The excavated monuments of Bolghar, the medieval capital of Volga Bulgaria, are within easy reach from the town. The modern town of Spassk () was formed from the village of Spassk (Chertykovo) on the bank of Bezdna River in 1781. It was renamed Spassk-Tatarsky () in 1926, then Kuybyshev ), in honor of Valerian Kuybyshev, in 1935, before getting its present name in 1991. It served as a district administrative center since 1930.''Inhabited Localities of the Republic of Tatarstan'', p. 246 In 1957, due to the construction of Kuybyshev Reservoir and flooding of the original Spassk, the town was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spassky District, Republic Of Tatarstan
Spassky District (russian: Спа́сский райо́н; tt-Cyrl, Спас районы) is a territorial administrative unit and municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan within the Russian Federation. The total area of the district is 2028 km². It is located in the southwestern part of Tatarstan. The administrative center is Bolgar. As of 2020, the population estimated at 18,599 residents. Traditionally the Spassky district specializes in fur farming and grain farming. Agricultural land occupies up to 117.8 thousand hectares, while pa around 16.3 thousand hectares is pastureland. The largest agricultural investors are the Avangard forage company, the Bulgar plant growing farm and the Khuzangaevskoe agricultural enterprise. The remains of previous Bulgarian settlements form a historical site Bolghar which starting from 2014 has been a part of the UNESCO Heritage Site List. Location In the east, the Spassky District borders the Alkeevsky and Alekseevs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bulgars
The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari, Proto-Bulgarians) were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region during the 7th century. They became known as nomadic equestrians in the Volga-Ural region, but some researchers say that their ethnic roots can be traced to Central Asia. During their westward migration across the Eurasian steppe, the Bulgar tribes absorbed other tribal groups and cultural influences in a process of ethnogenesis, including Iranian, Finnic and Hunnic tribes. Modern genetic research on Central Asian Turkic people and ethnic groups related to the Bulgars points to an affiliation with Western Eurasian populations. The Bulgars spoke a Turkic language, i.e. Bulgar language of Oghuric branch. They preserved the military titles, organization and customs of Eurasian steppes, as well as pagan shamanism and belief in the sky deity Tangra. The Bulgars became semi-sedentary durin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mongol Invasion Of Volga Bulgaria
The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria lasted from 1223 to 1236. The Bulgar state, centered in lower Volga and Kama, was the center of the fur trade in Eurasia throughout most of its history. Before the Mongol conquest, Russians of Novgorod and Vladimir repeatedly looted and attacked the area, thereby weakening the Bulgar state's economy and military power. The latter ambushed the Mongols in the later 1223 or in 1224. Allsen, Thomas T. – The Princes of the Left Hand: An Introduction to the History of the ulus of Orda in the Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries, Archivum Eurasiae medii aevi, 5 (1987), 5 – 40. Several clashes occurred between 1229–1234, and the Mongol Empire conquered the Bulgars in 1236. The Mongol campaigns In 1223, after defeating Russian and Cuman/ Kipchak armies at the Battle of Kalka, a Mongol army under the generals Subutai and Jebe was sent to subdue Volga Bulgaria. Genghis Khan's troops were seen as invincible at that time. However, in l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tatarstan
The Republic of Tatarstan (russian: Республика Татарстан, Respublika Tatarstan, p=rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə tətɐrˈstan; tt-Cyrl, Татарстан Республикасы), or simply Tatarstan (russian: Татарстан, tt-Cyrl, Татарстан), sometimes also called Tataria (russian: Татария, tt-Cyrl, Татария), is a Republics of Russia, republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is a part of the Volga Federal District; and its capital city, capital and largest city is Kazan, an important cultural centre in Russia. The republic borders Kirov Oblast, Kirov, Ulyanovsk Oblast, Ulyanovsk, Samara Oblast, Samara, and Orenburg Oblasts, the Mari El Republic, Mari El, Udmurt Republic, Udmurt, and Chuvash Republics, and the Bashkortostan, Republic of Bashkortostan. The area of the republic is . The unofficial Tatarstan motto is ''Bez Buildırabız!'' (''We can!''). As of the Russian Census (2021), 2021 Census, the population of Tatarstan was& ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bilär
Bilär (Tatar: Биләр) - was a medieval city in Volga Bulgaria and its second capital before the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria. It was located on the left bank of the Small Cheremshan River in Alexeeyevsky District of the Tatarstan. The distance to Bilyarsk is 50 km and 150 km to Kazan. History The city was founded around 10th century by the indigenous Bilär tribe of the Volga Bulgars. In the Rus chronicles, it was also known as "Great City" (''Великий город''), because its population reputedly was in excess of 100,000. Bilyar was one of the main trade centers in the Middle Volga, and alternatively with the Bulgar city and Nur-Suvar served as the capital of Volga Bulgaria in the 12th and 13th centuries. In 1236, the city was sacked by the army of Batu Khan. The city was later rebuilt, but it never regained its former size or power. The city's ruins (nearly 8 km2) were explored by Rychkov, Tatischev, Khalikov and Khuchin. Near old Bily ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolgar Mezartasi
Bolgar may refer to: People *Bolgars, a people of Central Asian origin *Bolgar language, the extinct language of the Bulgars * Bolgar languages *Bolgar Bagryanov, Bulgarian film director *Boyan Bolgar, Bulgarian writer *Hedda Bolgar (1909–2013), American psychoanalyst *J. Bolgar, student of British mathematician Dan Segal *Peter Bolgar (b. 1936), British television and radio announcer *Robert Bolgar (1913–1985), an Austro-Hungarian-British classical scholar *William A. Bolgar, a Ford Hall Forum speaker in 1929 * Dániel Bolgár (b. 1982), Hungarian musician *Elek Bolgár, ambassador of the People's Republic of Hungary to the United Kingdom, envoy extraordinary *Tamás Bolgár, Hungarian voivode, King of the Gypsies Fictional character *Bolgar, a character in the 2007 ''Flash Gordon'' series who replaced Prince Thun Places *Bolgar Urban Settlement, a municipal formation which the town of Bolgar and one rural locality in Spassky District of the Republic of T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolgar
Bolgar may refer to: People *Bolgars, a people of Central Asian origin *Bolgar language, the extinct language of the Bulgars * Bolgar languages *Bolgar Bagryanov, Bulgarian film director *Boyan Bolgar, Bulgarian writer *Hedda Bolgar (1909–2013), American psychoanalyst *J. Bolgar, student of British mathematician Dan Segal *Peter Bolgar (b. 1936), British television and radio announcer *Robert Bolgar (1913–1985), an Austro-Hungarian-British classical scholar *William A. Bolgar, a Ford Hall Forum speaker in 1929 * Dániel Bolgár (b. 1982), Hungarian musician *Elek Bolgár, ambassador of the People's Republic of Hungary to the United Kingdom, envoy extraordinary *Tamás Bolgár, Hungarian voivode, King of the Gypsies Fictional character *Bolgar, a character in the 2007 ''Flash Gordon'' series who replaced Prince Thun Places *Bolgar Urban Settlement, a municipal formation which the town of Bolgar and one rural locality in Spassky District of the Republic of T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khanate Of Kazan
The Khanate of Kazan ( tt, Казан ханлыгы, Kazan xanlıgı; russian: Казанское ханство, Kazanskoye khanstvo) was a medieval Tatar Turkic state that occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552. The khanate covered contemporary Tatarstan, Mari El, Chuvashia, Mordovia, and parts of Udmurtia and Bashkortostan; its capital was the city of Kazan. It was one of the successor states of the Golden Horde (Kipchak Khanate), and it came to an end when it was conquered by the Tsardom of Russia. Geography and population The territory of the khanate comprised the Muslim Bulgar-populated lands of the Bolğar, Cükätäw, Kazan, and Qaşan duchies and other regions that originally belonged to Volga Bulgaria. The Volga, Kama and Vyatka were the main rivers of the khanate, as well as the major trade ways. The majority of the population were Kazan Tatars. Their self-identity was not restricted to Tatars; many identified themselves simply a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timur
Timur ; chg, ''Aqsaq Temür'', 'Timur the Lame') or as ''Sahib-i-Qiran'' ( 'Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction'), his epithet. ( chg, ''Temür'', 'Iron'; 9 April 133617–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī ( chg, ''Temür Küregen''), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal. Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture as he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun, Hafez, and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance. Born into the Barlas confederation in Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan) on 9 April 1336, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370. From that base, he led military campaigns across Western, South, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian Language
Persian (), also known by its endonym Farsi (, ', ), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. Persian is a pluricentric language predominantly spoken and used officially within Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan in three mutually intelligible standard varieties, namely Iranian Persian (officially known as ''Persian''), Dari Persian (officially known as ''Dari'' since 1964) and Tajiki Persian (officially known as ''Tajik'' since 1999).Siddikzoda, S. "Tajik Language: Farsi or not Farsi?" in ''Media Insight Central Asia #27'', August 2002. It is also spoken natively in the Tajik variety by a significant population within Uzbekistan, as well as within other regions with a Persianate history in the cultural sphere of Greater Iran. It is written officially within Iran and Afghanistan in the Persian alphabet, a derivation of the Arabic script, and within Tajikistan in the Tajik alphabet, a der ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
