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Bibliographic Coupling
Bibliographic coupling, like co-citation, is a similarity measure that uses citation analysis to establish a similarity relationship between documents. Bibliographic coupling occurs when two works reference a common third work in their bibliographies. It is an indication that a probability exists that the two works treat a related subject matter. Two documents are ''bibliographically coupled'' if they both ''cite'' one or more documents in common. The "coupling strength" of two given documents is higher the more citations to other documents they share. The figure to the right illustrates the concept of bibliographic coupling. In the figure, documents A and B both cite documents C, D and E. Thus, documents A and B have a bibliographic coupling strength of 3 - the number of elements in the intersection of their two reference lists. Similarly, two authors are ''bibliographically coupled'' if the cumulative reference lists of their respective oeuvres each contain a reference to a commo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Visualization Of Bibliographic Coupling
Visualization or visualisation may refer to: *Visualization (graphics), the physical or imagining creation of images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message * Data visualization, the graphic representation of data * Information visualization, the study of visual representations of abstract data * Music visualization, animated imagery based on a piece of music *Mental image, the experience of images without the relevant external stimuli * "Visualization", a song by Blank Banshee on the 2012 album ''Blank Banshee 0'' See also * Creative visualization (other) * Visualizer (other) * * * * Graphics * List of graphical methods, various forms of visualization * Guided imagery, a mind-body intervention by a trained practitioner * Illustration, a decoration, interpretation or visual explanation of a text, concept or process * Image, an artifact that depicts visual perception, such as a photograph or other picture * Infographics Infographics (a clipped co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Co-citation
Co-citation is the frequency with which two documents are ''cited'' together by other documents.. If at least one other document cites two documents in common, these documents are said to be ''co-cited''. The more co-citations two documents receive, the higher their co-citation strength, and the more likely they are semantically related. Like bibliographic coupling, co-citation is a semantic similarity measure for documents that makes use of citation analyses. The figure to the right illustrates the concept of co-citation and a more recent variation of co-citation which accounts for the placement of citations in the full text of documents. The figure's left image shows the Documents A and B, which are both cited by Documents C, D and E; thus Documents A and B have a co-citation strength, or co-citation indexJeppe Nicolaisen, 200Co-citation, in Birger Hjørland, ed. from The Royal School of Library and Information Science (RSLIS), Copenhagen, Denmark. of three. This score is usua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Similarity Measure
In statistics and related fields, a similarity measure or similarity function or similarity metric is a real-valued function that quantifies the similarity between two objects. Although no single definition of a similarity exists, usually such measures are in some sense the inverse of distance metrics: they take on large values for similar objects and either zero or a negative value for very dissimilar objects. Though, in more broad terms, a similarity function may also satisfy metric axioms. Cosine similarity is a commonly used similarity measure for real-valued vectors, used in (among other fields) information retrieval to score the similarity of documents in the vector space model. In machine learning, common kernel functions such as the RBF kernel can be viewed as similarity functions. Use in clustering In spectral clustering, a similarity, or affinity, measure is used to transform data to overcome difficulties related to lack of convexity in the shape of the data distribut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citation Analysis
Citation analysis is the examination of the frequency, patterns, and graphs of citations in documents. It uses the directed graph of citations — links from one document to another document — to reveal properties of the documents. A typical aim would be to identify the most important documents in a collection. A classic example is that of the citations between academic articles and books. For another example, judges of law support their judgements by referring back to judgements made in earlier cases (see citation analysis in a legal context). An additional example is provided by patents which contain prior art, citation of earlier patents relevant to the current claim. Documents can be associated with many other features in addition to citations, such as authors, publishers, journals as well as their actual texts. The general analysis of collections of documents is known as bibliometrics and citation analysis is a key part of that field. For example, bibliographic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citation
A citation is a reference to a source. More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears. Generally, the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not). Citations have several important purposes. While their uses for upholding intellectual honesty and bolstering claims are typically foregrounded in teaching materials and style guides (e.g.,), correct attribution of insights to previous sources is just one of these purposes. Linguistic analysis of citation-practices has indicated that they also serve critical roles in orchestrating the state of knowledge on a particular topic, identi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bibliography
Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes ''bibliography'' as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is "the study of books as physical objects" and "the systematic description of books as objects" (or descriptive bibliography). Etymology The word was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for "the intellectual activity of composing books." The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books. Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object. Bibliography, in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiset
In mathematics, a multiset (or bag, or mset) is a modification of the concept of a set that, unlike a set, allows for multiple instances for each of its elements. The number of instances given for each element is called the multiplicity of that element in the multiset. As a consequence, an infinite number of multisets exist which contain only elements and , but vary in the multiplicities of their elements: * The set contains only elements and , each having multiplicity 1 when is seen as a multiset. * In the multiset , the element has multiplicity 2, and has multiplicity 1. * In the multiset , and both have multiplicity 3. These objects are all different when viewed as multisets, although they are the same set, since they all consist of the same elements. As with sets, and in contrast to tuples, order does not matter in discriminating multisets, so and denote the same multiset. To distinguish between sets and multisets, a notation that incorporates square brackets is s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Co-citation
Co-citation is the frequency with which two documents are ''cited'' together by other documents.. If at least one other document cites two documents in common, these documents are said to be ''co-cited''. The more co-citations two documents receive, the higher their co-citation strength, and the more likely they are semantically related. Like bibliographic coupling, co-citation is a semantic similarity measure for documents that makes use of citation analyses. The figure to the right illustrates the concept of co-citation and a more recent variation of co-citation which accounts for the placement of citations in the full text of documents. The figure's left image shows the Documents A and B, which are both cited by Documents C, D and E; thus Documents A and B have a co-citation strength, or co-citation indexJeppe Nicolaisen, 200Co-citation, in Birger Hjørland, ed. from The Royal School of Library and Information Science (RSLIS), Copenhagen, Denmark. of three. This score is usua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eugene Garfield
Eugene Eli Garfield (September 16, 1925 – February 26, 2017) was an American linguist and businessman, one of the founders of bibliometrics and scientometrics. He helped to create ''Current Contents'', ''Science Citation Index'' (SCI), ''Journal Citation Reports'', and ''Index Chemicus'', among others, and founded the magazine '' The Scientist''. Early life and education Garfield was born in 1925 in New York City as Eugene Eli Garfinkle, his mother being of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry. His parents were second generation immigrants living in East Bronx in New York City. He studied at the University of Colorado and University of California, Berkeley before getting a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from Columbia University in 1949. Garfield also received a degree in Library Science from Columbia University in 1953 He went on to do his PhD in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania, which he completed in 1961 for developing an algorithm for translatin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Co-citation Proximity Analysis
Co-citation Proximity Analysis or CPA is a document similarity measure that uses citation analysis to assess semantic similarity between documents at both the global document level as well as at individual section-level.Bela Gipp and Joeran Beel, 200"Citation Proximity Analysis (CPA) – A new approach for identifying related work based on Co-Citation Analysis"in Birger Larsen and Jacqueline Leta, editors, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Scientometrics and Informetrics (ISSI’09), volume 2, pages 571–575, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), July 2009. The similarity measure builds on the Co-citation, co-citation analysis approach, but differs in that it exploits the information implied in the placement of citations within the full-texts of documents. Co-citation Proximity Analysis was conceived by B. Gipp in 2006 and the description of the document similarity measure was later published by Gipp and Beel in 2009. The similarity measure rests on the assumption that withi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Technical Information Project
The Technical Information Project (TIP) was an early database project focused on the scholarly physics literature. Its "most unique feature" was its use bibliographic coupling, a novel way to search for related documents. The TIP included over 25,000 records. Meyer Mike Kessler began developing the TIP at MIT in April 1962, with the support of a grant by the National Science Foundation. The project's objective was to create a system that could "perform automatic search operations on bibliographic data" using bibliographic coupling. Some of the innovations in TIP included the use of wild cards, and boolean searching. Transfer to the American Institute of Physics Around 1968, responsibility for the TIP was transferred to the American Institute of Physics The American Institute of Physics (AIP) promotes science and the profession of physics, publishes physics journals, and produces publications for scientific and engineering societies. The AIP is made up of various member socie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
