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Battle Of Gaugamela
The Battle of Gaugamela (; grc, Γαυγάμηλα, translit=Gaugámela), also called the Battle of Arbela ( grc, Ἄρβηλα, translit=Árbela), took place in 331 BC between the forces of the Army of Macedon under Alexander the Great and the Persian Army under King Darius III. It was the second and final battle between the two kings, and is considered to be the final blow to the Achaemenid Empire, resulting in its complete conquest by Alexander. The fighting took place in Gaugamela, which literally meant "The Camel's House", a village on the banks of the river Bumodus. The area today would be considered modern-day Erbil, Iraq, according to Urbano Monti's world map. Alexander's army was heavily outnumbered and modern historians say that "the odds were enough to give the most experienced veteran pause". Despite the overwhelming odds, Alexander's army emerged victorious due to the employment of superior tactics and the clever usage of light infantry forces. It was a decis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wars Of Alexander The Great
The wars of Alexander the Great were a series of conquests that were carried out by Alexander III of Macedon from 336 BC to 323 BC. They began with battles against the Achaemenid Persian Empire, then under the rule of Darius III of Persia. After Alexander's chain of victories against Achaemenid Persia, he began a campaign against local chieftains and warlords that were stretched as far from Greece as the region of Punjab in South Asia. By the time of his death, he ruled over most regions of Greece and the conquered Achaemenid Empire (including much of Persian Egypt); he did not, however, manage to conquer the Indian subcontinent in its entirety as was his initial plan. Despite his military accomplishments, Alexander did not provide any stable alternative to the rule of the Achaemenid Empire, and his untimely death threw the vast territories he conquered into a series of civil wars, commonly known as the Wars of the Diadochi. Alexander assumed kingship over ancient Macedoni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cleitus The Black
Cleitus the Black ( grc-gre, Κλεῖτος ὁ μέλας; c. 375 BC – 328 BC), was an officer of the Macedonian army led by Alexander the Great. He saved Alexander's life at the Battle of the Granicus in 334 BC and was killed by him in a drunken quarrel six years later. Cleitus was the son of Dropidas (who was the son of Critias) and brother of Alexander's nurse, Lanike. He would be given the epithet 'the Black' to distinguish him from Cleitus the White. Military service Cleitus was made a commander of the Greek Cavalry under Philip II, a position he would retain under Alexander the Great. At the Battle of the Granicus in 334 BC, when Alexander was being assailed by both Rhosaces and Spithridates, Cleitus severed Spithridates's arm before the Persian satrap could bring it down on Alexander, thus saving his life. He would later be promoted to one of the two commanders of the companion cavalry following the trial and execution of Philotas. The death of Cleitus In 328 BC, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atropates
Atropates ( peo, *Ātr̥pātaʰ and Middle Persian ; grc, Ἀτροπάτης ; c. 370 BC - after 321 BC) was a Persian nobleman who served Darius III, then Alexander the Great, and eventually founded an independent kingdom and dynasty that was named after him. Diodorus (18.4) refers to him as (), while Quintus Curtius (8.3.17) erroneously names him 'Arsaces'. Biography Towards the end of the Achaemenid Empire, Atropates was governor ('' satrap'') of the Achaemenid province of Media. In the decisive Battle of Gaugamela (October 331 BCE) between Darius and Alexander, Atropates commanded the Achaemenid troops of Media and Sacasene. Following his defeat in that battle, Darius fled to the Median capital of Ecbatana, where Atropates gave him hospitality. Darius attempted to raise a new army but was forced to flee Ecbatana in June 330 BCE. After Darius' death a month later at the hands of Bessus, Atropates surrendered to Alexander. Alexander initially chose Oxydates as satr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orontes II
Orontes II (Old Persian: ''*Arvanta-'') was a Persian noble living in the 4th century BC. He is probably to be identified as the satrap of Armenia under Darius III, and may in fact have succeeded Darius in this position when Darius ascended the throne of Persia in 336 BC. Name "Orontes" () is the Greek transliteration of the Old Persian name ''*Arvanta'', which continued in Middle and New Persian as ''Arvand''. The name is related to the Avestan word ''auruuaṇt-'' ("swift, vigorous, brave"), which itself may be an abbreviated version of the Avestan name ''Auruuaṱ.aspa-'' ("having swift horses"). Biography Arrian lists Orontes and a certain Mithraustes as two commanders of Armenian forces in the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC. The interpretation of this passage is controversial, with different historians interpreting it as indicating that Mithraustes commanded the infantry, or that there were two different contingents of Armenian cavalry in this battle, or even that Armenia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mazaeus
Mazaeus or Mazday (Aramaic: 𐡌𐡆𐡃𐡉 MZDY, Greek: Μαζαῖος ''Mazaios'') (died 328 BC) was an Achaemenid Persian noble and satrap of Cilicia and later satrap of Babylon for the Achaemenid Empire, a satrapy which he retained under Alexander the Great. Life Mazaeus was the penultimate Persian satrap (governor) of Cilicia. His successor in Cilicia was Arsames, who was ultimately expelled by Alexander the Great. At the Battle of Gaugamela, Mazaeus commanded the right flank with the Syrian, Median, Mesopotamian, Parthian, Sacian, Tapurian, Hyrcanian, Sacesinian, Cappadocian, and Armenian cavalry. As a reward for his recognition of Alexander as the legitimate successor of Darius, Mazaeus was rewarded by being able to retain the satrapy of Babylon, as a Hellenistic satrap. Alexander left a Macedonian, Apollodorus of Amphipolis, as the military commander of the garrison of Babylon, and another as tax-collector. Mazaeus continued minting coins under his name, and later with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bessus
Bessus or Bessos ( peo, *Bayaçā; grc-gre, Βήσσος), also known by his throne name Artaxerxes V ( peo, 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠 ; grc-gre, Ἀρταξέρξης; died summer 329 BC), was a Persian satrap of the eastern Achaemenid satrapy of Bactria, as well as the self-proclaimed King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 330 to 329 BC. A member of the ruling Achaemenid dynasty, Bessus came to power shortly after killing the legitimate Achaemenid ruler Darius III (), and subsequently attempted to hold the eastern part of the empire against the Macedonian king Alexander the Great (). His realm quickly started to fall apart, including Bactria, which was the main center. Fleeing into Sogdia, he was arrested by his own officers, who handed him over to Alexander, who had him executed at Ecbatana. Bessus appears in the 11th-century Persian epic ''Shahnameh'' under the name of Janusipar/Janushyar. Name "Bessus" (Βήσσος) is the Greek transliteration of the Old P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Darius III
Darius III ( peo, 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 ; grc-gre, Δαρεῖος ; c. 380 – 330 BC) was the last Achaemenid King of Kings of Persia, reigning from 336 BC to his death in 330 BC. Contrary to his predecessor Artaxerxes IV Arses, Darius was a distant member of the Achaemenid dynasty. During his early career, he was reportedly an obscure figure among his peers and first rose to prominence during the Cadusian expedition of Artaxerxes III in the 350s BC. As a reward for his bravery, he was given the Satrapy of Armenia. Around 340 BC, he was placed in charge of the royal "postal service," a high-ranking position. In 338 BC, Artaxerxes III met an abrupt end after being poisoned by the court eunuch and chiliarch (''hazahrapatish'') Bagoas, who installed his youngest son Arses on the throne. He only reigned for a few years, until Bagoas had him poisoned as well. Darius was subsequently installed on the throne and soon forced Bagoas to drink his poison after discovering that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sopolis Of Macedon
Sopolis ( grc, Σώπολις), son of Hermodorus, was hipparch of the ile of Hetairoi from Amphipolis, since at least the Triballian campaign of Alexander the Great 335 BC. That he belonged to the Macedonian aristocracy is indicated not only by his important cavalry command but also by the fact that his son, Hermolaus Hermolaus of Macedon ( el, Ἑρμόλαος) was a page to Alexander the Great in 327 BC, who was executed for planning regicide. Early life The son of hipparch Sopolis of Macedon, Hermolaus was one of the Macedonian youths drawn from sons of t ..., served as one of Alexander's Pages in 327 BC. See also * Ariston of Macedon References *Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great by Waldemar Heckel {{DEFAULTSORT:Sopolis of Macedon Ancient Amphipolitans Generals of Alexander the Great Ancient Macedonian generals 4th-century BC Macedonians ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glaucias Of Macedon
Glaucias of Macedon ( grc, Γλαυκίας) was an officer of the Companion cavalry at the Battle of Gaugamela. He may be the Glaucias who, on Cassander's orders, murdered Alexander IV of Macedon and his mother Roxana in the citadel of Amphipolis. Defenders of the Argead dynasty began to declare that Alexander IV, at the age of 14, should now rule on his own and that a regent was no longer needed. Cassander realized that to secure his rule Alexander would need to be removed, and in 309 BC he commanded Glaucias to assassinate the Alexander IV and his mother. The orders were carried out, and they were both poisoned. The consensus in ''A History of Macedonia Vol. 3'' is that Alexander was killed late in the summer of 309 BC, shortly after his alleged half-brother Heracles. One of the royal tombs discovered by the archaeologist Manolis Andronikos in the so-called "Great Tumulus" in Vergina Vergina ( el, Βεργίνα, ''Vergína'' ) is a small town in northern Greece, part ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ariston Of Macedon
Ariston ( el, Ἀρίστων) was a Greek cavalry officer at the battle of Gaugamela The Battle of Gaugamela (; grc, Γαυγάμηλα, translit=Gaugámela), also called the Battle of Arbela ( grc, Ἄρβηλα, translit=Árbela), took place in 331 BC between the forces of the Army of Macedon under Alexander the Great a ..., where his squadron was stationed between those of Glaucias and Sopolis. References *Who's who in the age of Alexander the Great: prosopography of Alexander's empire {{ISBN, 978-1-4051-1210-9 Generals of Alexander the Great Ancient Macedonian generals 4th-century BC Macedonians ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coenus (general)
Coenus (Greek: Koῖνος; died 326 BC), a son of Polemocrates and son-in-law of Parmenion, was one of the ablest and most faithful of Alexander the Great's generals during his eastern expedition. General of Alexander In the autumn of 334 BC, while Alexander was in Caria, he sent those of his soldiers who had been recently married in Macedonia to spend the ensuing winter with their wives. Coenus was one of the commanders who led them back to Europe. In the spring of the following year (333 BC), Coenus returned with the Macedonians and joined Alexander at Gordium. After the conquest of Drangiana, in the latter part of 330 BC, Coenus joined others in accusing his wife's brother, Philotas, of treason for conspiring against Alexander. This led to the execution of Philotas, and the assassination of Coenus' father-in-law, Parmenion. Coenus commanded a taxeis (unit of 1500 Phalangites) of Alexander's army, and distinguished himself on various occasions. In all of Alexander's major ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simmias Of Macedon
Simmias ( grc, Σιμμίας) was a Macedonian officer, son of Andromenes from Tymphaia and brother of Attalus and Amyntas, the officers of Alexander the Great. He probably served in the division of the phalanx, commanded by his brother Amyntas, as we find him taking the command of it at the battle of Gaugamela during his brother's absence. On this occasion his division was one of those which bore the chief brunt of the battle. In 330 BC he was accused, together with his brothers, of having been concerned in the conspiracy of Philotas; but the vigorous defence of Amyntas before the Macedonian army procured their joint acquittal. References * Smith, William (editor); ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology''"Simmias (2)" Boston Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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