|
Bacillus Larvae
''Paenibacillus larvae'' is a species of bacterium, found worldwide, which causes American foulbrood, a fatal disease of the larvae of honeybees (''Apis mellifera''). It is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, which forms spores which can remain viable for at least thirty-five years. Morphology ''P. larvae'' is a rod-shaped bacterium with slightly rounded ends, approximately 2.5–5 μm long and 0.5 μm wide. The spore of ''P. larvae'' is oval, approximately 0.6 μm wide and 1.3 μm long. Classification In 1906, G.F. White first described the bacterium that caused American foulbrood, and named it ''Bacillus larvae''. In 1950, a bacterium isolated from bee larvae and associated with the rare disease "powdery scale" was named ''Bacillus pulvifaciens'' by Katznelson. In 1993, both ''B. larvae'' and ''B. pulvifaciens'' were transferred to a new genus, ''Paenibacillus''. The two species were combined into a single species: ''Paenibacillus larvae'' in 1996, remain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gershom Franklin White
According to the Bible, Gershom ( ''Gēršōm'', "a sojourner there"; la, Gersam) was the firstborn son of Moses and Zipporah. The name means "a stranger there" in Hebrew, ( ''ger sham''), which the text argues was a reference to Moses' flight from Egypt. Biblical scholars regard the name as being essentially the same as ''Gershon''Cheyne and Black, ''Encyclopedia Biblica'' and in the Book of Chronicles the progenitor of one of the principal Levite clans is sometimes identified as Gershom, sometimes as Gershon. The firstborn son of Moses by Zipporah; born in Midian. Moses’ father-in-law Jethro came to Moses in the wilderness, bringing with him Moses’ wife Zipporah and their two sons, Gershom and Eliezer. The priestly service of Gershom's descendant Jonathan on behalf of the Danites was illegal, because, although he was a Levite, he was not of Aaron's family. The passage in Exodus concerning Moses and Zipporah at a night camp appears to suggest that some being, possibly God ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Foulbrood
American foulbrood (AFB, ''Histolysis infectiosa perniciosa larvae apium'', ''Pestis americana larvae apium''), caused by the spore-forming bacterium ''Paenibacillus larvae'' (reclassified as one species without subspecies differentiation in 2006 from ''Paenibacillus larvae'' ssp. ''larvae,'' formerly classified as ''Bacillus larvae'', and ''Paenibacillus larvae'' ssp. ''pulvifaciens''), is a highly infectious honey bee brood disease. It is the most widespread and destructive of the honey bee brood diseases. It is globally distributed and burning of infected colonies is often considered as the only effective measure to prevent spreading of the disease. Characteristics ''Paenibacillus larvae'' is a rod-shaped bacterium, which is visible only under a high power microscope. Larvae up to 3 days old become infected by ingesting spores that are present in their food. Young larvae less than 24 hours old are most susceptible to infection. Spores germinate in the gut of the larva and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apis Mellifera
The western honey bee or European honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') is the most common of the 7–12 species of honey bees worldwide. The genus name ''Apis'' is Latin for "bee", and ''mellifera'' is the Latin for "honey-bearing" or "honey carrying", referring to the species' production of honey. Like all honey bee species, the western honey bee is eusocial, creating colonies with a single fertile female (or "queen"), many normally non-reproductive females or "workers", and a small proportion of fertile males or " drones". Individual colonies can house tens of thousands of bees. Colony activities are organized by complex communication between individuals, through both pheromones and the dance language. The western honey bee was one of the first domesticated insects, and it is the primary species maintained by beekeepers to this day for both its honey production and pollination activities. With human assistance, the western honey bee now occupies every continent except Antarctica. W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram-positive Bacteria
In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. Gram-positive bacteria take up the crystal violet stain used in the test, and then appear to be purple-coloured when seen through an optical microscope. This is because the thick peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall retains the stain after it is washed away from the rest of the sample, in the decolorization stage of the test. Conversely, gram-negative bacteria cannot retain the violet stain after the decolorization step; alcohol used in this stage degrades the outer membrane of gram-negative cells, making the cell wall more porous and incapable of retaining the crystal violet stain. Their peptidoglycan layer is much thinner and sandwiched between an inner cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane, causing them to take up the counterstain (sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genotype
The genotype of an organism is its complete set of genetic material. Genotype can also be used to refer to the alleles or variants an individual carries in a particular gene or genetic location. The number of alleles an individual can have in a specific gene depends on the number of copies of each chromosome found in that species, also referred to as ploidy. In diploid species like humans, two full sets of chromosomes are present, meaning each individual has two alleles for any given gene. If both alleles are the same, the genotype is referred to as homozygous. If the alleles are different, the genotype is referred to as heterozygous. Genotype contributes to phenotype, the observable traits and characteristics in an individual or organism. The degree to which genotype affects phenotype depends on the trait. For example, the petal color in a pea plant is exclusively determined by genotype. The petals can be purple or white depending on the alleles present in the pea plant. Howev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paenibacillaceae
The Paenibacillaceae are a family of Gram-positive bacteria Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among .... References Bacillales {{Bacilli-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
