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BESK
BESK (''Binär Elektronisk SekvensKalkylator'', Swedish for "Binary Electronic Sequence Calculator") was Sweden's first electronic computer, using vacuum tubes instead of relays. It was developed by ''Matematikmaskinnämnden'' (Swedish Board for Computing Machinery) and for a short time it was the fastest computer in the world. The computer was completed in 1953 and in use until 1966. The technology behind BESK was later continued with the transistorized FACIT EDB and FACIT EDB-3 machines, both software compatible with BESK. Non-compatible machines highly inspired by BESK were SMIL made for the University of Lund, ''SAABs räkneautomat'' SARA, "SAAB's calculating machine", and DASK made in Denmark. BESK was developed by the Swedish Board for Computing Machinery (Matematikmaskinnämnden) a few years after the mechanical relay computer BARK (Binär Aritmetisk Relä-Kalkylator, Swedish for "Binary Arithmetic Relay Calculator"). The team was initially led by Conny Palm, who die ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FACIT EDB
FACIT EDB was a vacuum tube based computer that was manufactured by Åtvidabergs Industrier AB after the designs for BESK, that had been developed by the Swedish Board for Computing Machinery (Matematikmaskinnämnden). FACIT EDB was the first fully Swedish series production computer. EDB stod for "Electronic Computer Processing". The manufacturing was done by Åtvidabergs Industrier department of electronics in Stockholm and came to fruition by recruiting 18 key persons from the Swedish Board for Computing Machinery (Matematikmaskinnämndens). Internally nicknamed "the Besk boys". In 1960 the department became Facit Electronics with a new factory in Solna. The recruitment of people from Swedish Board for Computing Machinery were approved by the Finance minister Gunnar Sträng. That thought that production of computers was not something the government should be involved in. (HTML 12 kB) In 1963 a FACIT EDB-3 was installed at National Defence Radio Establishment (FRA) which enable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BARK (computer)
BARK () was an early electromechanical computer. BARK was built using standard telephone relays, implementing a 32-bit binary machine. It could perform addition in 150 ms and multiplication in 250 ms. It had a memory with 50 registers and 100 constants. It was later expanded to double the memory. Howard Aiken stated in reference to BARK "This is the first computer I have seen outside Harvard that actually works." History BARK was developed by ''Matematikmaskinnämnden'' (Swedish Board for Computing Machinery) a few years before BESK. The machine was built with 8,000 standard telephone relays, 80 km of cable and with 175,000 soldering points. Programming was done by plugboard. It was completed in February 1950 at a cost of 400,000 Swedish kronor (less than $100,000), became operational on April 28, 1950, and was taken offline on September 22, 1954. The engineers on the team led by Conny Palm were Harry Freese, Gösta Neovius, Olle Karlqvist, Carl-Erik Fröberg, G. Kellbe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DASK
The DASK was the first computer in Denmark. It was commissioned in 1955, designed and constructed by Regnecentralen, and began operation in September 1957. DASK is an acronym for Dansk Aritmetisk Sekvens Kalkulator or ''Danish Arithmetic Sequence Calculator''. Regnecentralen almost didn't allow the name, as the word ''dask'' means "slap" in Danish. In the end however, it was named so as it fit the pattern of the name BESK, the Swedish computer which provided the initial architecture for DASK. DASK traces its origins to 1947 and a goal set by ''Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber'' (''Academy for the Technical Sciences'' or ''Academy of Applied Sciences''), which was to follow the development of the modern computing devices. Initial funding was obtained through the Ministry of Defence (Denmark) as the Danish Military had been given a grant through the Marshall Plan for cipher machines for which the military saw no immediate need. Originally conceived to be a copy of BESK, the r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Matematikmaskinnämnden
The Swedish Board for Computing Machinery ( sv, Matematikmaskinnämnden, MMN) was a Swedish government agency which built Sweden's first computers: BARK and BESK. A governmental study into the need for computing machinery in Sweden had been conducted in 1947 by initiative of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences and the Naval Procurement Agency. The study recommended the immediate purchase of computing machinery from the United States and a budget of 2 million SEK was allocated for the purpose. The Swedish Board for Computing Machinery was established on November 26, 1948, to handle the purchase. , accessed on August 30, 2009 The Academy of Engineering Sciences had initiated some activities already in 1947 by sending five young engineers and scientists to rese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SARA (computer)
SARA (SAABs räkneautomat, SAAB's calculating machine) was developed by Saab Group, SAAB when the capacity of BESK was insufficient for their needs. The project was started the fall of 1955 and became operational in 1956. SARA was built using the drawings of BESK that SAAB had bought for a symbolic sum and with the help of people who had worked with BESK, but didn't stay when Matematikmaskinnämnden decided that there would be no second generation. SARA wasn't used much, but it became the start of DataSAAB and the development of CK37 and Datasaab D2, D2. IAS architecture computers Science and technology in Sweden {{Compu-hardware-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Swedish Board For Computing Machinery
The Swedish Board for Computing Machinery ( sv, Matematikmaskinnämnden, MMN) was a Swedish government agency which built Sweden's first computers: BARK and BESK. A governmental study into the need for computing machinery in Sweden had been conducted in 1947 by initiative of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences and the Naval Procurement Agency. The study recommended the immediate purchase of computing machinery from the United States and a budget of 2 million SEK was allocated for the purpose. The Swedish Board for Computing Machinery was established on November 26, 1948, to handle the purchase. , accessed on August 30, 2009 The Academy of Engineering Sciences had initiated some activities already in 1947 by sending five young engineers and scientists to rese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drum Memory
Drum memory was a magnetic data storage device invented by Gustav Tauschek in 1932 in Austria. Drums were widely used in the 1950s and into the 1960s as computer memory. For many early computers, drum memory formed the main working memory of the computer. It was so common that these computers were often referred to as ''drum machines''. Some drums were also used as secondary storage as for example various IBM drum storage drives. Drums were displaced as primary computer memory by magnetic core memory, which offered a better balance of size, speed, cost, reliability and potential for further improvements. Drums in turn were replaced by hard disk drives for secondary storage, which were both less expensive and offered denser storage. The manufacturing of drums ceased in the 1970s. Technical design A drum memory or drum storage unit contained a large metal cylinder, coated on the outside surface with a ferromagnetic recording material. It could be considered the precu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karlqvist Gap
The Karlqvist gap or Karlqvist Field is an electromagnetic phenomenon discovered in 1953 by the Swedish engineer Olle Karlqvist (1922-1976), which is important in magnetic storage for computers. (HTML 1 kB) Karlqvist discovered the phenomenon while designing a ferromagnetic surface layer to the magnetic drum memory for the BESK computer. (HTML 3 kB) When designing a magnetic memory store, the ferromagnetic layer must be studied to determine the variation of the magnetic field with permeability, air gap, layer thickness and other influencing factors. The problem is non-linear and extremely difficult to solve. Karlqvist's gap discovery shows that the non-linear problem could be approximated by a linear boundary value for the two-dimensional static field and the one-dimensional transient field. This linear calculation gives a first approximation. Karlqvist published his discovery in the 1954 paper "Calculation of the magnetic field in ferromagnetic layer of a magnetic drum" at KTH ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SMIL (computer)
SMIL ( sv, Siffermaskinen i Lund, "The Number Machine in Lund") was a first-generation computer built at Lund University in Lund, Sweden. SMIL was based on the IAS architecture developed by John von Neumann. Carl-Erik Fröberg belonged to the group of five young Swedish scientists 1947–48 that IVA sent to the U.S. to gather information about the early computer development, and then came to strongly influence the development in Sweden. Fröberg visited with Erik Stemme the Institute for Advanced Study, and John von Neumann's research group. Back in Lund, he played a leading role in the creation of SMIL, which was the first computer developed in Lund and among the first in Sweden. SMIL was introduced in 1956 and then was in operation until 1970. In February 1962 SMIL was fitted with a compiler for ALGOL 60. The compiler was constructed by Torgil Ekman and Leif Robertson. Carl-Erik Fröberg was also behind the early emergence of numerical analysis as a separate university ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IAS Machine
The IAS machine was the first electronic computer built at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey. It is sometimes called the von Neumann machine, since the paper describing its design was edited by John von Neumann, a mathematics professor at both Princeton University and IAS. The computer was built from late 1945 until 1951 under his direction. The general organization is called von Neumann architecture, even though it was both conceived and implemented by others. The computer is in the collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History but is not currently on display. History Julian Bigelow was hired as chief engineer in May 1946. Hewitt Crane, Herman Goldstine, Gerald Estrin, Arthur Burks, George W. Brown and Willis Ware also worked on the project. The machine was in limited operation in the summer of 1951 and fully operational on June 10, 1952. It was in operation until July 15, 1958. Description The IAS machine was a binary compu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electrostatic
Electrostatics is a branch of physics that studies electric charges at rest (static electricity). Since classical times, it has been known that some materials, such as amber, attract lightweight particles after rubbing. The Greek word for amber, (), was thus the source of the word 'electricity'. Electrostatic phenomena arise from the forces that electric charges exert on each other. Such forces are described by Coulomb's law. Even though electrostatically induced forces seem to be rather weak, some electrostatic forces are relatively large. The force between an electron and a proton, which together make up a hydrogen atom, is about 36 orders of magnitude stronger than the gravitational force acting between them. There are many examples of electrostatic phenomena, from those as simple as the attraction of plastic wrap to one's hand after it is removed from a package, to the apparently spontaneous explosion of grain silos, the damage of electronic components during manufacturi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gösta Neovius
Gösta is a male given name, a variant of Gustav. Gösta may refer to: People *Gösta Åsbrink (1881–1966), Swedish gymnast and modern pentathlete *Gösta Andersson (skier) (1918–1979), Swedish cross-country skier *Gösta Andersson (wrestler) (1917–1975), Swedish wrestler *Gösta Bagge (1882–1951), Swedish professor of economics and conservative politician *Gösta Bengtsson (1897–1984), Swedish sailor *Gösta Bernhard (1910–1986), Swedish actor, film director and screenwriter *Gösta Bladin (1894–1972), Swedish track and field athlete *Gösta Bohman (1911–1997), Swedish politician and the leader of the Swedish liberal conservative Moderate Party *Gösta Brodin (1908–1979), Swedish sailor *Gösta Carlsson (1906–1992), Swedish road racing cyclist * Gösta Cederlund (1888–1980), Swedish actor and film director * Gösta Danielsson (1912–1978), Swedish chess master *Gösta Ehrensvärd (1885–1973), Swedish vice admiral * Gösta Ekman d.y. (junior), (1939–2017) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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