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Burmish Languages
The Burmish languages are Burmese, including Standard Burmese, Arakanese and other Burmese dialects such as the Tavoyan dialects as well as non-literary languages spoken across Myanmar and South China such as Achang, Lhao Vo, Lashi, and Zaiwa. The various Burmish languages have a total of 35 million native speakers. Names Many Burmish names are known by various names in different languages (Bradley 1997). In China, the Zaiwa ဇိုင်ဝါး/အဇီး 载瓦 (local Chinese exonym: Xiaoshan ရှောင့်ရှန် 小山), Lhao Vo 浪速 (local Chinese exonym: Lang'e 浪峨), Lashi 勒期 (local Chinese exonym: Chashan 茶山), and Pela 波拉 are officially classified as Jingpo people (''Bolayu Yanjiu''). The local Chinese exonym for the Jingpho proper is Dashan 大山. Dai Qingxia (2005:3) lists the following autonyms and exonyms for the various Burmish groups as well as for Jingpho which is not a Burmish language, with both Chinese character and IP ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Myanmar
Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John C. Wells, John Wells explains, the English spellings of both Myanmar and Burma assume a non-rhotic variety of English, in which the letter r before a consonant or finally serves merely to indicate a long vowel: [ˈmjænmɑː, ˈbɜːmə]. So the pronunciation of the last syllable of Myanmar as [mɑːr] or of Burma as [bɜːrmə] by some speakers in the UK and most speakers in North America is in fact a spelling pronunciation based on a misunderstanding of non-rhotic spelling conventions. The final ''r'' in ''Myanmar'' was not intended for pronunciation and is there to ensure that the final a is pronounced with the broad a, broad ''ah'' () in "father". If the Burmese name my, မြန်မာ, label=none were spelled "Myanma" in English, this would b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exonym And Endonym
An endonym (from Greek: , 'inner' + , 'name'; also known as autonym) is a common, ''native'' name for a geographical place, group of people, individual person, language or dialect, meaning that it is used inside that particular place, group, or linguistic community in question; it is their self-designated name for themselves, their homeland, or their language. An exonym (from Greek: , 'outer' + , 'name'; also known as xenonym) is an established, ''non-native'' name for a geographical place, group of people, individual person, language or dialect, meaning that it is used only outside that particular place, group, or linguistic community. Exonyms exist not only for historico-geographical reasons but also in consideration of difficulties when pronouncing foreign words. For instance, is the endonym for the country that is also known by the exonym ''Germany'' in English, in Spanish and in French. Naming and etymology The terms ''autonym'', ''endonym'', ''exonym'' and '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burmish Languages
The Burmish languages are Burmese, including Standard Burmese, Arakanese and other Burmese dialects such as the Tavoyan dialects as well as non-literary languages spoken across Myanmar and South China such as Achang, Lhao Vo, Lashi, and Zaiwa. The various Burmish languages have a total of 35 million native speakers. Names Many Burmish names are known by various names in different languages (Bradley 1997). In China, the Zaiwa ဇိုင်ဝါး/အဇီး 载瓦 (local Chinese exonym: Xiaoshan ရှောင့်ရှန် 小山), Lhao Vo 浪速 (local Chinese exonym: Lang'e 浪峨), Lashi 勒期 (local Chinese exonym: Chashan 茶山), and Pela 波拉 are officially classified as Jingpo people (''Bolayu Yanjiu''). The local Chinese exonym for the Jingpho proper is Dashan 大山. Dai Qingxia (2005:3) lists the following autonyms and exonyms for the various Burmish groups as well as for Jingpho which is not a Burmish language, with both Chinese character and IP ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Okell
John William Alan Okell OBE (; 1934 – 3 August 2020) was a British linguist notable for his expertise in the field of Burma studies. Life Okell was born in Brighton and was educated at The Queen's College, University of Oxford, where he read Literae Humaniores ("Greats")."SOAS scholar awarded OBE for services to UK-Burma relations" (3 July 2014) In 1959, an inquiry about language courses through the led to his joining the |
Eugénie Henderson
Eugénie Jane Andrina Henderson, FBA (2 October 1914 – 27 July 1989) was a British linguist and academic, specialising in phonetics. From 1964 to 1982, she was Professor of Phonetics at the University of London. She served as Chair of the Linguistics Association of Great Britain from 1977 to 1980, and President of the Philological Society from 1984 to 1988. Early life and education Henderson was born on 2 October 1914 at Rose Villa, Archbold Terrace, Newcastle upon Tyne, England.R. H. Robins, "Henderson , Eugénie Jane Andrina (1914–1989)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 200accessed 26 Nov 2017/ref> She was the daughter of William Alexander Cruickshank Henderson, a civil engineer, and his wife Pansy Viola (''née'' Schürer)."Henderson, Prof. Eugénie Jane Andrina", ''Who Was Who'', A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2016; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014; online edn, April 201accessed 26 Nov 2017/ref> ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ugong Language
The Gong language (also '''Ugong'', ''Ugong'', ''Lawa'' or ''Ugawng'', with ''U''- meaning 'person') is an endangered Tibeto-Burman language of Western Thailand, spoken in isolated pockets in Uthai Thani and Suphanburi provinces. History The ethnic group was first known to Westerners in the 1920s, when the language was already considered in severe decline (Kerr 1927). In the 1970s, David Bradley began working on the language in the several areas where it was still used, by which time it was already extinct in two of the locations given by Kerr (1927) about 50 years earlier. The people were then forced from two of these villages when the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand built dams over the Kwae Yai and Khwae Noi River (Bradley 1989). Because of the displacement of the people of an already declining language, the language is considered especially vulnerable to extinction. The last children speakers were in the 1970s and the children now speak Thai as their first langua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Danu Language
Intha and Danu constitute southern Burmish languages of Shan State, Burma, spoken by the Danu and Intha people. They are considered dialects of Burmese by the Government of Myanmar. Danu is spoken by the Danu people, Intha by the Intha, a group of Bamar descendants who migrated to Inle Lake in Shan State. Both are spoken by about 100,000. Both are characterized by a retention of the medial (for the following consonant clusters in Intha: ). Examples include: *"full": Standard Burmese () → (), from old Burmese *"ground": Standard Burmese () → (), from old Burmese There is no voicing with the presence of either aspirated or unaspirated consonants. For instance, (Buddha) is pronounced in standard Burmese, but in Intha. This is probably due to influence from the Shan language The Shan language (written Shan: , , spoken Shan: , or , ; my, ရှမ်းဘာသာ, ; th, ภาษาไทใหญ่, ) is the native language of the Shan people and is most ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hpon Language
Hpon ( my, ဖွန်းဘာသာ; also spelled Hpun) was a moribund Burmish language spoken by older adults in the gorges of the upper Irrawaddy River of Burma, north of Bhamo Bhamo ( my, ဗန်းမော်မြို့ ''ban: mau mrui.'', also spelt Banmaw; shn, မၢၼ်ႈမူဝ်ႇ; tdd, ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥨᥝᥱ; zh, 新街, Hsinkai) is a city in Kachin State in northern Myanmar, south of the .... There were two dialects, northern and southern. References * Henderson, Eugénie J. A. (1986). "Some hitherto unpublished material on Northern (Megyaw) Hpun." John McCoy and Timothy Light, eds. Contributions to Sino-Tibetan Studies: 101-134. * Yabu Shirō 藪 司郎 (2003). ''The Hpun language endangered in Myanmar.'' Osaka: Osaka University of Foreign Studies. * Tun Aung Kyaw ထွန်အေင်ကျော် Thwanʺ Oṅ Kyo' (2007). ဖွန်းဒေသိယစကားလေ့လာချက် Phwanʺ desiyacakāʺ leʹlā khyak s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xiandao Dialect
The Xiandao language (Xiandao: ''Chintau'' ; ) is an endangered Burmish language spoken by the Xiandao people who live at the border area between Myanmar and Yunnan, China. It is closely related to the Achang language and is considered by many scholars to be an Achang dialect, due to similarities in syntax and vocabulary. This is one way in which Xiandao can be described. The second is as an independent language due to the social and cultural differences between the Xiandao and Achang people. Classification Xiandao is a minority language spoken in Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province, China near the border of Myanmar. Despite technically being in China, the language emerged from Burmish languages and has few Sinitic qualities. It is a part of the Burmish Tibeto-Burmese language family. The Xiandao people were included in China's unclassified national minority category until 1980 when they became classified as a part of the Achang nationality. Generally, Xiandao is considered to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Affricate Consonant
An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pair. English has two affricate phonemes, and , often spelled ''ch'' and ''j'', respectively. Examples The English sounds spelled "ch" and "j" ( broadly transcribed as and in the IPA), German and Italian ''z'' and Italian ''z'' are typical affricates, and sounds like these are fairly common in the world's languages, as are other affricates with similar sounds, such as those in Polish and Chinese. However, voiced affricates other than are relatively uncommon. For several places of articulation they are not attested at all. Much less common are labiodental affricates, such as in German and Izi, or velar affricates, such as in Tswana (written ''kg'') or in High Alemannic Swiss German dialects. Worldwide, relatively few languages have af ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
