Bungku–Tolaki Languages

	Bungku–Tolaki Languages The Bungku–Tolaki languages (also known as Bungku–Mori in older literature) are a group of languages spoken primarily in South East Sulawesi province, Indonesia, and in neighboring parts of Central and South Sulawesi provinces. Languages Mead (1998:117) presents the following tree-model classification for Bungku–Tolaki. This classification is based on the historical-comparative method in linguistics.Mead, David. 1998. ''Proto–Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax ''. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University. Eastern * Moronene *East Coast: Bungku, Bahonsuai, Kulisusu (Koroni, Kulisusu, Taloki), Wawonii, Mori Bawah Western Interior: Mori Atas, Padoe, Tomadino West Coast: Tolaki, Rahambuu, Kodeoha, Waru This classification supersedes Mead (1999), an earlier classification proposed by Mead in 1994. Based on a lexicostatistical comparison, his earlier classification proposed 'Bungku,' 'Mori,' and 'Tolaki' as pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Sulawesi Sulawesi (), also known as Celebes (), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the world's eleventh-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. Within Indonesia, only Sumatra, Borneo, and New Guinea, Papua are larger in territory, and only Java and Sumatra have larger populations. The landmass of Sulawesi includes four peninsulas: the northern Minahassa Peninsula, Minahasa Peninsula, the East Peninsula, Sulawesi, East Peninsula, the South Peninsula, Sulawesi, South Peninsula, and the Southeast Peninsula, Sulawesi, Southeast Peninsula. Three gulfs separate these peninsulas: the Gulf of Tomini between the northern Minahasa and East peninsulas, the Tolo Gulf between the East and Southeast peninsulas, and the Bone Gulf between the South and Southeast peninsulas. The Strait of Makassar runs along the western side of the island and separates the island from Borneo. Etymology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Mori Atas Language Mori Atas, also known as Upper Mori or West Mori, is an Austronesian language of the Celebic branch. The traditional Mori Atas homeland is the upper course of the Laa River in Central Sulawesi. Classification Mori Atas is classified as a member of the Bungku-Tolaki group of languages, and shares its closest affinities with the Padoe language Padoe is an Austronesian language of the Celebic branch. It was traditionally spoken in the rolling plains south of Lake Matano in South Sulawesi province. In the 1950s, a portion of the Padoe-speaking population fled to Central Sulawesi .... Together, Mori Atas and Mori Bawah are sometimes referred to collectively by the cover term ''Mori''. Dialects Mori Atas presents a complicated dialect situation. Following Esser, five dialects can be regarded as principal.Esser, S. J''Phonology and Morphology of Mori'' translated from the Dutch version of 1927-1933 (Dallas: SIL, 2011), pp. 2 ff. * Molio’a * Ulu’uwoi * Tambee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Proto-Celebic The Celebic languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken on the island of Sulawesi, formerly called ''Celebes.'' Almost all of the languages spoken in the provinces of Central Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi belong to the Celebic group. A few Celebic languages (e.g. Wotu, Bonerate) are located in South Sulawesi province. By number of languages (but not by number of speakers), Celebic is the largest subgroup of Austronesian languages on Sulawesi. Subgrouping Internal classification David Mead (2003a:125) classifies the Celebic languages as follows. * Tomini–Tolitoli * Kaili–Pamona * Wotu–Wolio * Eastern Saluan–Banggai Southeastern * Bungku–Tolaki * Muna–Buton More recently, Zobel (2020) proposed that Kaili–Pamona and Wotu–Wolio form a Kaili–Wolio group, which Zobel places as a primary subgroup of Celebic. Furthermore, in Zobel's (2020) classification, Kaili–Wolio is placed as a sister to group to Tominic–Eastern Celebic, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is by far the largest branch (by current speakers) of the Austronesian language family. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian is ancestral to all Austronesian languages spoken outside Taiwan, as well as the Yami language on Taiwan's Orchid Island. The first systematic reconstruction of Proto-Austronesian ("''Uraustronesisch''") by Otto Dempwolff was based on evidence from languages outside of Taiwan, and was therefore actually the first reconstruction of what is now known as Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. Phonology Consonants The following consonants can be reconstructed for Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (Blust 2009): The phonetic value of the reconstructed sounds p, b, w, m, t, d, n, s, l, r, k, g, ŋ, q, h was as indicated by the spelling. The symbols ñ, y, z, D, j, R are orthographic conventions first introduced by Dyen (1947). The assumed phonetic values are given in the tab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Proto-Austronesian Proto-Austronesian (commonly abbreviated as PAN or PAn) is a proto-language. It is the reconstructed ancestor of the Austronesian languages, one of the world's major language families. Proto-Austronesian is assumed to have begun to diversify 3,500–4,000 BCE on Taiwan. Lower-level reconstructions have also been made, and include Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, and Proto-Polynesian. Recently, linguists such as Malcolm Ross and Andrew Pawley have built large lexicons for Proto-Oceanic and Proto-Polynesian. Phonology Proto-Austronesian is reconstructed by constructing sets of correspondences among consonants in the various Austronesian languages, according to the comparative method. Although in theory the result should be unambiguous, in practice given the large number of languages there are numerous disagreements, with various scholars differing significantly on the number and nature of the phonemes in Proto-Austronesian. In the past, some disagreements concerned whe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Mori Language In its broad sense, Mori is a cover term used to refer collectively to two languages of Central Sulawesi: Mori Bawah and Mori Atas. Sometimes a third language, Padoe, is also included. History of the term Originally the term ''Mori'' referred only to certain clans living on the upper course of the Laa River in Central Sulawesi, that is, today's Mori Atas or 'Upper Mori' people. After the imposition of Dutch colonial rule in the early twentieth century, the name was extended to include peoples living eastward along the lower course of the Laa and in the Tambalako watershed (today's Mori Bawah or 'Lower Mori'), and southward to peoples around Lake Matano (including the Padoe). Although the languages of these areas were different, the people shared a similar culture, and at that time had also been united under the powerful ruler Marundu. In the present day, the situation has been reversed. Today ''Mori'' in its narrow sense refers principally to the Mori Bawah language ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Waru Language Waru is an Austronesian language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine .... References Further reading Mead, David. 1998. ''Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax''. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University. Mead, David. 1999. ''The Bungku–Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia''. Series D-91. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Bungku–Tolaki languages Languages of Sulawesi {{celebic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Kodeoha Language Kodeoha (Kondeha) is an Austronesian language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine .... Further reading Mead, David. 1998. ''Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax''. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University. Mead, David. 1999. ''The Bungku–Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia''. Series D-91. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. References Bungku–Tolaki languages Languages of Sulawesi {{celebic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Rahambuu Language Rahambuu is an Austronesian language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine .... References Further reading Mead, David. 1998. ''Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax''. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University. Mead, David. 1999. ''The Bungku–Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia''. Series D-91. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Bungku–Tolaki languages Languages of Sulawesi {{celebic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Tolaki Language Tolaki (To'olaki) is the major language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine .... It is an Austronesian language of the Celebic branch. Phonology /b/ and /d/ are optionally realized as implosives and . /β/ can also be heard as a glide . References Bungku–Tolaki languages Languages of Sulawesi {{celebic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Tomadino Language Tomadino is an Austronesian language of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine .... It belongs to the Bungku–Tolaki branch of the Celebic subgroup. References Further reading Mead, David. 1998. ''Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax''. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University. Mead, David. 1999. ''The Bungku–Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia''. Series D-91. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Bungku–Tolaki languages Languages of Sulawesi {{celebic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]

	Bungku–Tolaki Languages The Bungku–Tolaki languages (also known as Bungku–Mori in older literature) are a group of languages spoken primarily in South East Sulawesi province, Indonesia, and in neighboring parts of Central and South Sulawesi provinces. Languages Mead (1998:117) presents the following tree-model classification for Bungku–Tolaki. This classification is based on the historical-comparative method in linguistics.Mead, David. 1998. ''Proto–Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax ''. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University. Eastern * Moronene *East Coast: Bungku, Bahonsuai, Kulisusu (Koroni, Kulisusu, Taloki), Wawonii, Mori Bawah Western Interior: Mori Atas, Padoe, Tomadino West Coast: Tolaki, Rahambuu, Kodeoha, Waru This classification supersedes Mead (1999), an earlier classification proposed by Mead in 1994. Based on a lexicostatistical comparison, his earlier classification proposed 'Bungku,' 'Mori,' and 'Tolaki' as pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Sulawesi Sulawesi (), also known as Celebes (), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the world's eleventh-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. Within Indonesia, only Sumatra, Borneo, and New Guinea, Papua are larger in territory, and only Java and Sumatra have larger populations. The landmass of Sulawesi includes four peninsulas: the northern Minahassa Peninsula, Minahasa Peninsula, the East Peninsula, Sulawesi, East Peninsula, the South Peninsula, Sulawesi, South Peninsula, and the Southeast Peninsula, Sulawesi, Southeast Peninsula. Three gulfs separate these peninsulas: the Gulf of Tomini between the northern Minahasa and East peninsulas, the Tolo Gulf between the East and Southeast peninsulas, and the Bone Gulf between the South and Southeast peninsulas. The Strait of Makassar runs along the western side of the island and separates the island from Borneo. Etymology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Mori Atas Language Mori Atas, also known as Upper Mori or West Mori, is an Austronesian language of the Celebic branch. The traditional Mori Atas homeland is the upper course of the Laa River in Central Sulawesi. Classification Mori Atas is classified as a member of the Bungku-Tolaki group of languages, and shares its closest affinities with the Padoe language Padoe is an Austronesian language of the Celebic branch. It was traditionally spoken in the rolling plains south of Lake Matano in South Sulawesi province. In the 1950s, a portion of the Padoe-speaking population fled to Central Sulawesi .... Together, Mori Atas and Mori Bawah are sometimes referred to collectively by the cover term ''Mori''. Dialects Mori Atas presents a complicated dialect situation. Following Esser, five dialects can be regarded as principal.Esser, S. J''Phonology and Morphology of Mori'' translated from the Dutch version of 1927-1933 (Dallas: SIL, 2011), pp. 2 ff. * Molio’a * Ulu’uwoi * Tambee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Proto-Celebic The Celebic languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken on the island of Sulawesi, formerly called ''Celebes.'' Almost all of the languages spoken in the provinces of Central Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi belong to the Celebic group. A few Celebic languages (e.g. Wotu, Bonerate) are located in South Sulawesi province. By number of languages (but not by number of speakers), Celebic is the largest subgroup of Austronesian languages on Sulawesi. Subgrouping Internal classification David Mead (2003a:125) classifies the Celebic languages as follows. * Tomini–Tolitoli * Kaili–Pamona * Wotu–Wolio * Eastern Saluan–Banggai Southeastern * Bungku–Tolaki * Muna–Buton More recently, Zobel (2020) proposed that Kaili–Pamona and Wotu–Wolio form a Kaili–Wolio group, which Zobel places as a primary subgroup of Celebic. Furthermore, in Zobel's (2020) classification, Kaili–Wolio is placed as a sister to group to Tominic–Eastern Celebic, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is by far the largest branch (by current speakers) of the Austronesian language family. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian is ancestral to all Austronesian languages spoken outside Taiwan, as well as the Yami language on Taiwan's Orchid Island. The first systematic reconstruction of Proto-Austronesian ("''Uraustronesisch''") by Otto Dempwolff was based on evidence from languages outside of Taiwan, and was therefore actually the first reconstruction of what is now known as Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. Phonology Consonants The following consonants can be reconstructed for Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (Blust 2009): The phonetic value of the reconstructed sounds p, b, w, m, t, d, n, s, l, r, k, g, ŋ, q, h was as indicated by the spelling. The symbols ñ, y, z, D, j, R are orthographic conventions first introduced by Dyen (1947). The assumed phonetic values are given in the tab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Proto-Austronesian Proto-Austronesian (commonly abbreviated as PAN or PAn) is a proto-language. It is the reconstructed ancestor of the Austronesian languages, one of the world's major language families. Proto-Austronesian is assumed to have begun to diversify 3,500–4,000 BCE on Taiwan. Lower-level reconstructions have also been made, and include Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, and Proto-Polynesian. Recently, linguists such as Malcolm Ross and Andrew Pawley have built large lexicons for Proto-Oceanic and Proto-Polynesian. Phonology Proto-Austronesian is reconstructed by constructing sets of correspondences among consonants in the various Austronesian languages, according to the comparative method. Although in theory the result should be unambiguous, in practice given the large number of languages there are numerous disagreements, with various scholars differing significantly on the number and nature of the phonemes in Proto-Austronesian. In the past, some disagreements concerned whe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Mori Language In its broad sense, Mori is a cover term used to refer collectively to two languages of Central Sulawesi: Mori Bawah and Mori Atas. Sometimes a third language, Padoe, is also included. History of the term Originally the term ''Mori'' referred only to certain clans living on the upper course of the Laa River in Central Sulawesi, that is, today's Mori Atas or 'Upper Mori' people. After the imposition of Dutch colonial rule in the early twentieth century, the name was extended to include peoples living eastward along the lower course of the Laa and in the Tambalako watershed (today's Mori Bawah or 'Lower Mori'), and southward to peoples around Lake Matano (including the Padoe). Although the languages of these areas were different, the people shared a similar culture, and at that time had also been united under the powerful ruler Marundu. In the present day, the situation has been reversed. Today ''Mori'' in its narrow sense refers principally to the Mori Bawah language ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Waru Language Waru is an Austronesian language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine .... References Further reading Mead, David. 1998. ''Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax''. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University. Mead, David. 1999. ''The Bungku–Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia''. Series D-91. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Bungku–Tolaki languages Languages of Sulawesi {{celebic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Kodeoha Language Kodeoha (Kondeha) is an Austronesian language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine .... Further reading Mead, David. 1998. ''Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax''. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University. Mead, David. 1999. ''The Bungku–Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia''. Series D-91. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. References Bungku–Tolaki languages Languages of Sulawesi {{celebic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Rahambuu Language Rahambuu is an Austronesian language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine .... References Further reading Mead, David. 1998. ''Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax''. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University. Mead, David. 1999. ''The Bungku–Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia''. Series D-91. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Bungku–Tolaki languages Languages of Sulawesi {{celebic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Tolaki Language Tolaki (To'olaki) is the major language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine .... It is an Austronesian language of the Celebic branch. Phonology /b/ and /d/ are optionally realized as implosives and . /β/ can also be heard as a glide . References Bungku–Tolaki languages Languages of Sulawesi {{celebic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Tomadino Language Tomadino is an Austronesian language of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine .... It belongs to the Bungku–Tolaki branch of the Celebic subgroup. References Further reading Mead, David. 1998. ''Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax''. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University. Mead, David. 1999. ''The Bungku–Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia''. Series D-91. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Bungku–Tolaki languages Languages of Sulawesi {{celebic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]