|
Brain Development Timelines
These are timelines of brain development events in different animal species. *Mouse brain development timeline * Macaque brain development timeline *Human brain development timeline See also * Encephalization quotient * Evolution of the brain * Neural development The development of the nervous system, or neural development (neurodevelopment), refers to the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system of animals, from the earliest stages of embryonic development to adulthood. The fie ... External links * Translating Neurodevelopmental Time Across Mammalian Species' Vertebrate developmental biology Embryology of nervous system Developmental neuroscience {{neuroscience-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mouse Brain Development Timeline
The house mouse (''Mus musculus'') has a gestation period of 19 to 21 days. Key events in mouse brain development occur both before and after birth, beginning with peak neurogenesis of the cranial motor nuclei 9 days after conception, up to eye opening which occurs after birth and about 30 days after conception. Stages in brain development References * *Clancy, B., Kersh, B., Hyde, J., Darlington, R.B., Anand, K.J.S., Finlay, B.L., 2007. Web-Based Method For Translating Neurodevelopment From Laboratory Species To Humans. Neuroinformatics. 5, pp. 79–94. * * * {{cite journal , last=Robinson , first=Stephen R. , last2=Dreher , first2=Bogdan , title=The Visual Pathways of Eutherian Mammals and Marsupials Develop According to a Common Timetable , journal=Brain, Behavior and Evolution , publisher=S. Karger AG , volume=36 , issue=4 , year=1990 , issn=1421-9743 , doi=10.1159/000115306 , pages=177–195 See also * Brain development timelines * Neural development ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macaque Brain Development Timeline
;Species: Macaca mulatta ;Family: Cercopithecidae ; Order: Primates ;Gestation: 165 days Dates in days {, class="wikitable" , - ! Day ! Event ! Reference , - , 30 , retinal ganglion cell generation - start of neurogenesis , Robinson and Dreher (1990) , - , 30 , magnocellular basal forebrain - peak of neurogenesis , Finlay and Darlington (1995) , - , 30 , superficial superior collicus (SC) laminae - start of neurogenesis , Robinson and Dreher (1990) , - , 30 , raphe complex - peak of neurogenesis , Finlay and Darlington (1995) , - , 32 , locus coeruleus - peak of neurogenesis , Finlay and Darlington (1995) , - , 35 , posterior commissure appears , Ashwell et al. (1996) , - , 35.5 , medial forebrain bundle appears , Ashwell et al. (1996) , - , 36 , dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN)- start of neurogenesis , Robinson and Dreher (1990) , - , 36 , optic axons at chiasm of optic tract , Dunlop et al. (1997) , - , 38 , deep cerebellar nuclei - peak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Brain Development Timeline
Conception Studies report that three primary structures are formed in the sixth Gestational age (obstetrics), gestational week. These are the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain, also known as the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and the rhombencephalon respectively. Five secondary structures originate from these in the seventh gestational week. These are the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon; the lateral ventricles, third ventricles, cerebral aqueduct, and upper and lower parts of the fourth ventricle in adulthood originated from these structures. The appearance of Gyrification, cortical folds first takes place during 24 and 32 weeks of gestation. Childhood and adolescence Cortical white matter increases from childhood (~9 years) to adolescence (~14 years), most notably in the frontal and parietal cortices. Cortical grey matter development peaks at ~12 years of age in the frontal and parietal cortices, and 14–16 years in the te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Encephalization Quotient
Encephalization quotient (EQ), encephalization level (EL), or just encephalization is a relative brain size measure that is defined as the ratio between observed to predicted brain mass for an animal of a given size, based on nonlinear regression on a range of reference species. It has been used as a proxy for intelligence and thus as a possible way of comparing the intelligences of different species. For this purpose it is a more refined measurement than the raw brain-to-body mass ratio, as it takes into account allometric effects. Expressed as a formula, the relationship has been developed for mammals and may not yield relevant results when applied outside this group. Perspective on intelligence measures Encephalization quotient was developed in an attempt to provide a way of correlating an animal's physical characteristics with perceived intelligence. It improved on the previous attempt, brain-to-body mass ratio, so it has persisted. Subsequent work, notably Roth, found ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Evolution Of The Brain
There is much to be discovered about the evolution of the brain and the principles that govern it. While much has been discovered, not everything currently known is well understood. The evolution of the brain has appeared to exhibit diverging adaptations within taxonomic classes such as mammalia and more vastly diverse adaptations across other taxonomic classes. Brain to body size scales allometrically. This means as body size changes, so do other physiological, anatomical, and biochemical constructs connecting the brain to the body. Small bodied mammals have relatively large brains compared to their bodies whereas large mammals (such as whales) have smaller brain to body ratios. If brain weight is plotted against body weight for primates, the regression line of the sample points can indicate the brain power of a primate species. Lemurs for example fall below this line which means that for a primate of equivalent size, we would expect a larger brain size. Humans lie well above the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neural Development
The development of the nervous system, or neural development (neurodevelopment), refers to the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system of animals, from the earliest stages of embryonic development to adulthood. The field of neural development draws on both neuroscience and developmental biology to describe and provide insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which complex nervous systems develop, from nematodes and fruit flies to mammals. Defects in neural development can lead to malformations such as holoprosencephaly, and a wide variety of neurological disorders including limb paresis and paralysis, balance and vision disorders, and seizures, and in humans other disorders such as Rett syndrome, Down syndrome and intellectual disability. Overview of vertebrate brain development The vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) is derived from the ectoderm—the outermost germ layer of the embryo. A part of the dorsal ectoderm becomes speci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vertebrate Developmental Biology
Vertebrates () comprise all animal taxa within the subphylum Vertebrata () (chordates with backbones), including all mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 69,963 species described. Vertebrates comprise such groups as the following: * jawless fish, which include hagfish and lampreys * jawed vertebrates, which include: ** cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays, and ratfish) ** bony vertebrates, which include: *** ray-fins (the majority of living bony fish) *** lobe-fins, which include: **** coelacanths and lungfish **** tetrapods (limbed vertebrates) Extant vertebrates range in size from the frog species ''Paedophryne amauensis'', at as little as , to the blue whale, at up to . Vertebrates make up less than five percent of all described animal species; the rest are invertebrates, which lack vertebral columns. The vertebrates traditionally include the hagfish, which do not have p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Embryology Of Nervous System
Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, ''embryon'', "the unborn, embryo"; and -λογία, ''-logia'') is the branch of animal biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses. Additionally, embryology encompasses the study of congenital disorders that occur before birth, known as teratology. Early embryology was proposed by Marcello Malpighi, and known as preformationism, the theory that organisms develop from pre-existing miniature versions of themselves. Aristotle proposed the theory that is now accepted, epigenesis. Epigenesis is the idea that organisms develop from seed or egg in a sequence of steps. Modern embryology, developed from the work of Karl Ernst von Baer, though accurate observations had been made in Italy by anatomists such as Aldrovandi and Leonardo da Vinci in the Renaissance. Comparative embryology Preformationism and epigenesis As recently as the 18th century, the prevailing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
