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Braille Authority Of North America
The Braille Authority of North America (BANA) is the standardizing body of English Braille orthography in the United States and Canada. It consists of a number of member organizations, such as the Braille Institute of America, the National Braille Association, and the Canadian National Institute for the Blind. In late 2012 BANA announced the gradual phasing in of Unified English Braille for general use. Nemeth Code (1972) will continue to be used for mathematics and science, Music Braille Code (1997) for musical notation, and IPA Braille Code (2008) for linguistics. Member organizations The following organizations are members of the BANA: Full members * Alternate Text Production Center of the California Community Colleges (ATPC) * American Council of the Blind * American Foundation for the Blind * American Printing House for the Blind * Association for Education and Rehabilitation of the Blind & Visually Impaired * Associated Services for the Blind and Visually Impaired * Brail ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Governmental Organization
A government or state agency, sometimes an appointed commission, is a permanent or semi-permanent organization in the machinery of government that is responsible for the oversight and administration of specific functions, such as an administration. There is a notable variety of agency types. Although usage differs, a government agency is normally distinct both from a department or ministry, and other types of public body established by government. The functions of an agency are normally executive in character since different types of organizations (''such as commissions'') are most often constituted in an advisory role—this distinction is often blurred in practice however, it is not allowed. A government agency may be established by either a national government or a state government within a federal system. Agencies can be established by legislation or by executive powers. The autonomy, independence, and accountability of government agencies also vary widely. History Early exa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Music Braille Code
Braille music is a braille code that allows music to be notated using braille cells so music can be read by visually impaired musicians. The system was incepted by Louis Braille. Braille music uses the same six-position braille cell as literary braille. However braille music assigns its own meanings and has its own syntax and abbreviations. Almost anything that can be written in print music notation can be written in braille music notation. However, the notation is an independent and well-developed system with its own conventions. The world's largest collection of the notation is at the Library of Congress in the United States. Learning Braille music Braille music is in general neither easier nor harder to learn than print music. Visually impaired musicians gain the same benefits upon learning to read braille music as sighted musicians who learn to read print music. Visually impaired musicians can begin learning braille music about the time they have reasonable competence r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Federation Of The Blind
The National Federation of the Blind (NFB) is an organization of blind people in the United States. It is the oldest and largest organization led by blind people in the United States. Its national headquarters are in Baltimore, Maryland. Overview Anyone, blind or sighted, is permitted to join the NFB, but a majority of members in its local chapters, state affiliates, and nationwide divisions must be blind, as must its officers and board members at every level with exception of the National Organization of Parents of Blind Children. This structure is intended to ensure that the organization is run by blind people and reflects the collective views of its blind members, the NFB refers to itself as "the voice of the nation's blind." The philosophy of the organization is: The organization's former president, Kenneth Jernigan, said, "We who are blind are pretty much like you. We have our share of both geniuses and jerks, but most of us somewhere between, ordinary people living ordin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hadley Institute For The Blind And Visually Impaired
Hadley is a non-profit serving adults with vision loss offering practical help, connection, and new ways to approach everyday tasks made more difficult with changing vision. Workshops, Call-in Discussion Groups, and thHadley Presents Podcastexplore topics of daily living, adjusting to vision loss, tech tools useful for those with vision loss, learning braille, and adaptive techniques for recreation and working with a visual impairment. Hadley's help comes in many forms – online, on the phone, and through the mail. Hadley is a partner of the National Eye Institute (NEI) and the National Eye Health Education Program (NEHEP). History Background Hadley was founded in 1920 by William A. Hadley. When he lost his sight at the age of 55, William Hadley faced many challenges. A former high school teacher with a lifelong passion for reading, Hadley wanted to learn braille. He was frustrated, however, in his search for a teacher. So, he taught himself braille instead. Founding Hadle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Council Of Schools And Services For The Blind
The Council of Schools and Services for the Blind (COSB) is a consortium of specialized schools in Canada and the United States whose major goal is improving the quality of services to children who are blind and visually impaired. COSB is a membership organization of special purpose schools for students who are blind or visually impaired, including those with multiple disabilities. Schools and classrooms specialized approaches to instruction in small group settings ensure that the curriculum is fully accessible to each individual student. COSB schools specialise in teaching the skills that students use to gain independence at the same level as their sighted peers. Known as the Expanded Core Curriculum, these skills such as Orientation and Mobility (travel and movement skills) and the use of Assistive Technology become the tools students use to maximize learning in school and to be fully engaged in their homes and communities. COSB schools are an example of why the Individuals w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CNIB
The CNIB Foundation (french: Fondation INCA) is a volunteer agency and charitable organization dedicated to assisting Canadians who are blind or living with vision loss, and to provide information about vision health for all Canadians. Founded in 1918 as the Canadian National Institute for the Blind (french: Institut national canadien pour les aveugles) to assist soldiers who had been blinded in the First World War, CNIB originally offered sheltered care and specialized employment to people with vision loss. It has since expanded to include other programs and services, including research, public education, rehabilitation counselling and training, advocacy and an alternative-format library for people living with a print disability. It is a member of the Braille Authority of North America. History The Canadian National Institute for the Blind was incorporated on March 30, 1918, to provide food, clothing and sheltered residences for blind veterans returning from World War I as wel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Printing House For The Blind
The American Printing House for the Blind (APH) is an American non-for-profit corporation in Louisville, Kentucky, promoting independent living for people who are blind and visually impaired. For over 150 years APH has created unique products and services to support all aspects of daily life without sight. History The first United States schools for blind children opened in the 1830s. There were very few books and educational materials for the students. Teachers made their own tactile teaching aids and acquired embossed books from Europe. The American Printing House for the Blind (APH) was established in 1858 in response to the growing need for books and educational aids for blind students. Dempsey Sherrod, a blind man from Mississippi, promoted the idea of a central printing house for books for blind people. He raised funds for the enterprise, which he named the American Printing House for the Blind. In 1857, Sherrod obtained a charter in Mississippi to establish a publishin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Foundation For The Blind
The American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) is an American non-profit organization for people with vision loss. AFB's objectives include conducting research to advance change, promoting knowledge and understanding, and shaping policies and practices. Kirk Adams, formerly the first blind president and CEO of The Lighthouse for the Blind, Inc. has been AFB's president and CEO since May 2016. The AFB's main headquarters is in Arlington, Virginia. History AFB, with the support and leadership of M.C. Migel, a philanthropist who was moved to help the large number of veterans blinded in World War I, was formed in 1921 to provide both a national clearing house for information about vision loss and a forum for discussion for blindness service professionals. Its founding, made official at the convention of the American Association of Workers for the Blind in Vinton, Iowa, was also intended to spur research and represent the needs of people with vision loss in the US government. AFB's ear ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Council Of The Blind
The American Council of the Blind (ACB) is a nationwide organization in the United States. It is an organization mainly made up of blind and visually impaired people who want to achieve independence and equality (although there are many sighted members with common aims). History The American Council of the Blind was formed out of the dissolution of the Braille Free Press Association in 1961. Braille Free Press had been set up in 1959. It was highly critical of the American Foundation for the Blind, and the ACB was formed as an alternative to it. The ACB was also very critical of the National Federation of the Blind The National Federation of the Blind (NFB) is an organization of blind people in the United States. It is the oldest and largest organization led by blind people in the United States. Its national headquarters are in Baltimore, Maryland. Overvie ... which many of its first members had also originally belonged to. Relations between the two organizations have been st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
California Community Colleges
The California Community Colleges is a postsecondary education system in the U.S. state of California.California Education CodSection 70900(added to the Education Code by Chapter 973 of the California Statutes of 1988Assembly Bill No. 1725 section 8, page 17). Despite its plural name, the system is consistently referred to in California law as a singular entity. The system includes the Board of Governors of the California Community Colleges and 73 community college districts. The districts currently operate 115 accredited colleges. The online collegCalbright Collegeis not accredited. The California Community Colleges is the largest system of higher education in the United States, and third largest system of higher education in the world, serving more than 2.1 million students. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the California Community Colleges is a part of the state's three-tier public higher education system, which also includes the University of California ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IPA Braille Code
IPA Braille is the modern standard Braille encoding of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), as recognized by the International Council on English Braille. A braille version of the IPA was first created by Merrick and Potthoff in 1934, and published in London. It was used in France, Germany, and anglophone countries. However, it was not updated as the IPA evolved, and by 1989 had become obsolete. In 1990 it was officially reissued by BAUK, but in a corrupted form that made it largely unworkable. In 1997 BANA created a completely new system for the United States and Canada. However, it was incompatible with braille IPA elsewhere in the world and in addition proved to be cumbersome and often inadequate. In 2008 Robert Englebretson revised the Merrick and Potthoff notationEnglebretson, 2008, IPA Braille: An Updated Tactile Representation of the International Phonetic Alphabet'', CNIB and by 2011 this had been accepted by BANA. It is largely true to the original in consonants a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nemeth Code
The Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics is a Braille code for encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using standard six-dot Braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The code was developed by Abraham Nemeth. The Nemeth Code was first written up in 1952. It was revised in 1956, 1965, and 1972, and beginning in 1992 was integrated into Unified English Braille. It is an example of a compact human-readable markup language. Nemeth Braille is just one code used to write mathematics in braille. There are many systems in use around the world. Principles of the Nemeth Code The Nemeth Code Book (1972) opens with the following words: One consequence is that the braille transcriber does not need to know the underlying mathematics. The braille transcriber needs to identify the inkprint symbols and know how to render them in Nemeth Code braille. For example, if the same math symbol might have two different meanings, this would not matter; both instances ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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